Table of Contents

PART 1: An Introduction to Educational Research 1 1. The Process of Conducting Research Using Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches 2
PART 2: The Steps in the Process of Research 57 2. Identifying a Research Problem 58 3. Reviewing the Literature 78 4. Specifying a Purpose and Research Questions or Hypotheses 108 5. Collecting Quantitative Data 138 6. Analyzing and Interpreting Quantitative Data 172 7. Collecting Qualitative Data 204 8. Analyzing and Interpreting Qualitative Data 236 9. Reporting and Evaluating Research 266
PART 3: Research Designs 293 10. Experimental Designs 294 11. Correlational Designs 342 12. Survey Designs 384 13. Grounded Theory Designs 433 14. Ethnographic Designs 473 15. Narrative Research Designs 512 16. Mixed Methods Designs 544 17. Action Research Designs 586
APPENDIX A: Determine Size Using Sample Size Tables 612 APPENDIX B: Commonly Used Statistics in Educational Research 616 APPENDIX C: Nonnormal Distribution 617 APPENDIX D: Strategies for Defending a Research Proposal 618
Glossary 620 References 631 Author Index 640 Subject Index

About the Author

John W. Creswell, PhD, is a Professor of Family Medicine and Co-Director, Michigan Mixed Methods Research and Scholarship Program at the University of Michigan. He has authored numerous articles and 27 books on mixed methods research, qualitative research and research design. While at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, he held the Clifton Endowed Professor Chair, served as director of a mixed methods research office, founded the SAGE journal, the Journal of Mixed Methods Research, and was an Adjunct Professor of Family Medicine at the University of Michigan and a consultant to the Veterans Administration health services research center. He was a Senior Fulbright Scholar to South Africa in 2008 and to Thailand in 2012. In 2011 he co-led a national working group on mixed methods practices at the National Institute of Health, served as a Visiting Professor at Harvard’s School of Public Health, and received an honorary doctorate from the University of Pretoria, South Africa. In 2014 he was the President of the Mixed Methods International Research Association. In 2015 he joined the staff of Family Medicine at the University of Michigan.

Timothy C. Guetterman, PhD, is an applied research methodologist and Assistant Professor at the University of Michigan. His research interests, scholarship, and teaching are in research methodology, namely mixed methods research. He has authored numerous articles and chapters, including empirical studies and methodological articles to advance rigorous methods of quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods research. In addition, he is an investigator on three U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) funded research studies. Tim’s empirical work uses mixed methods research to investigate the use of technology in health professions education and in educational assessment. He also conducts research on teaching, learning, and developing research methods capacity in his role as evaluator and faculty for the NIH-funded Mixed Methods Research Training Program for the Health Sciences. He has extensive professional experience conducting program evaluation with a focus on educational and healthcare programs.