Introduction xix
Chapter 1 RF Signals and Modulation 3
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 3
Foundation Topics 7
Comparing Wired and Wireless Networks 7
Understanding Basic Wireless Theory 8
Understanding Frequency 10
Understanding Phase 14
Measuring Wavelength 14
Understanding RF Power and dB 15
Important dB Facts to Remember 17
Comparing Power Against a Reference: dBm 19
Measuring Power Changes Along the Signal Path 20
Understanding Power Levels at the Receiver 23
Carrying Data Over an RF Signal 24
FHSS 26
DSSS 27
1-Mbps Data Rate 28
2-Mbps Data Rate 29
5.5-Mbps Data Rate 30
11-Mbps Data Rate 30
OFDM 31
Modulation Summary 32
Exam Preparation Tasks 34
Review All Key Topics 34
Key Terms 34
Chapter 2 RF Standards 37
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 37
Foundation Topics 41
Regulatory Bodies 41
ITU-R 41
FCC 42
ETSI 44
Other Regulatory Bodies 45
IEEE Standards Body 45
802.11 Channel Use 47
Channels in the 2.4-GHz ISM Band 47
Channels in the 5-GHz U-NII Bands 49
IEEE 802.11 Standards 51
802.11-1997 52
802.11b 52
802.11g 52
802.11a 54
802.11n 55
Channel Aggregation 57
Spatial Multiplexing 58
MAC Layer Efficiency 59
Transmit Beam Forming (T×BF) 60
Maximal-Ratio Combining 61
802.11n Modulation and Coding Schemes 61
Beyond 802.11n 62
Wi-Fi Alliance 63
Exam Preparation Tasks 64
Review All Key Topics 64
Define Key Terms 64
Chapter 3 RF Signals in the Real World 67
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 67
Foundation Topics 70
Interference 70
Co-Channel Interference 70
Neighboring Channel Interference 71
Non-802.11 Interference 72
Free Space Path Loss 72
Mitigating the Effects of Free Space Path Loss 74
Effects of Physical Objects 76
Reflection 76
Absorption 78
Scattering 78
Refraction 79
Diffraction 80
Fresnel Zones 80
Exam Preparation Tasks 83
Review All Key Topics 83
Define Key Terms 83
Chapter 4 Understanding Antennas 85
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 85
Foundation Topics 88
Antenna Characteristics 88
Radiation Patterns 88
Gain 91
Beamwidth 92
Polarization 92
Antenna Types 93
Omnidirectional Antennas 94
Directional Antennas 97
Antenna Summary 101
Adding Antenna Accessories 101
Exam Preparation Tasks 103
Review All Key Topics 103
Define Key Terms 103
Chapter 5 Wireless LAN Topologies 105
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 105
Foundation Topics 108
Types of Wireless Networks 108
Wireless LAN Topologies 109
Basic Service Set 110
Distribution System 112
Extended Service Set 114
Independent Basic Service Set 115
Other Wireless Topologies 116
Repeater 116
Workgroup Bridge 117
Outdoor Bridge 118
Mesh Network 119
Exam Preparation Tasks 120
Review All Key Topics 120
Define Key Terms 120
Chapter 6 Understanding 802.11 Frame Types 123
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 123
802.11 Frame Format 126
802.11 Frame Addressing 128
Accessing the Wireless Medium 130
Carrier Sense 131
Collision Avoidance 132
802.11 Frame Types 134
Management Frames 134
Control Frames 135
Data Frames 136
Client Housekeeping 136
A Client Scans for APs 137
A Client Joins a BSS 138
A Client Leaves a BSS 139
A Client Moves Between BSSs 140
A Client Saves Power 142
Exam Preparation Tasks 145
Review All Key Topics 145
Define Key Terms 145
Chapter 7 Planning Coverage with Wireless APs 147
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 147
AP Cell Size 150
Tuning Cell Size with Transmit Power 150
Tuning Cell Size with Data Rates 152
Adding APs to an ESS 153
The Roaming Process 155
WLAN Channel Layout 157
Exam Preparation Tasks 161
Review All Key Topics 161
Define Key Terms 161
Chapter 8 Using Autonomous APs 163
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 163
Foundation Topics 166
Autonomous Architecture 166
Configuring an Autonomous AP 167
Connecting the AP 167
Configuring the AP 170
Converting an Autonomous AP 174
Using the Autonomous to Lightweight Mode Upgrade Tool 174
Converting an Autonomous AP Manually 176
Exam Preparation Tasks 178
Review All Key Topics 178
Define Key Terms 178
Chapter 9 Understanding the CUWN Architecture 181
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 181
Foundation Topics 184
A Distributed Architecture 184
A Centralized Architecture 186
Split-MAC Architecture 188
Traffic Patterns in a CUWN 190
CUWN Building Blocks 192
Cisco Wireless LAN Controllers 192
Cisco Lightweight APs 194
CUWN Management 197
Exam Preparation Tasks 198
Review All Key Topics 198
Chapter 10 Initial Controller Configuration 201
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 201
Foundation Topics 204
Connecting the Controller 204
Using Controller Ports 204
Using Controller Interfaces 206
Running the Initial Setup Wizard 208
Initial Setup with the Web Interface 208
Initial Setup with the CLI 216
Exam Preparation Tasks 218
Review All Key Topics 218
Define Key Terms 218
Chapter 11 Understanding Controller Discovery 221
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 221
Foundation Topics 224
Discovering a Controller 224
AP States 224
Discovering a WLC 226
Selecting a WLC 227
Designing High Availability 228
Detecting a Controller Failure 230
Building Redundancy 231
N+1 Redundancy 231
N+N Redundancy 232
N+N+1 Redundancy 232
AP SSO Redundancy 233
Exam Preparation Tasks 235
Review All Key Topics 235
Define Key Terms 236
Chapter 12 Understanding Roaming 239
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 239
Foundation Topics 242
Roaming with Autonomous APs 242
Intracontroller Roaming 244
Intercontroller Roaming 246
Layer 2 Roaming 247
Layer 3 Roaming 248
Using Mobility Groups 252
Exam Preparation Tasks 256
Review All Key Topics 256
Define Key Terms 256
Chapter 13 Understanding RRM 259
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 259
Foundation Topics 262
Configuring 802.11 Support 262
Configuring Data Rates 263
Configuring 802.11n Support 264
Understanding RRM 265
RF Groups 267
TPC 269
DCA 272
Coverage Hole Detection 274
Manual RF Configuration 276
Verifying RRM Results 278
Exam Preparation Tasks 279
Review All Key Topics 279
Define Key Terms 279
Chapter 14 Wireless Security Fundamentals 281
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 282
Foundation Topics 285
Anatomy of a Secure Connection 285
Authentication 286
Message Privacy 287
Message Integrity 288
Intrusion Protection 289
Wireless Client Authentication Methods 290
Open Authentication 290
WEP 291
802.1x/EAP 292
LEAP 294
EAP-FAST 294
PEAP 294
EAP-TLS 295
Wireless Privacy and Integrity Methods 295
TKIP 295
CCMP 296
WPA and WPA2 297
Securing Management Frames with MFP 298
Configuring Wireless Security 298
Configuring WPA or WPA2 Personal 299
Configuring WPA2 Enterprise Mode 300
Configuring WPA2 Enterprise with Local EAP 302
Exam Preparation Tasks 305
Review All Key Topics 305
Define Key Terms 305
Chapter 15 Configuring a WLAN 307
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 307
Foundation Topics 309
WLAN Overview 309
Configuring a WLAN 310
Configuring a RADIUS Server 310
Creating a Dynamic Interface 312
Creating a New WLAN 313
Configuring WLAN Security 315
Configuring WLAN QoS 317
Configuring Advanced WLAN Settings 318
Finalizing WLAN Configuration 319
Exam Preparation Tasks 320
Review All Key Topics 320
Chapter 16 Implementing a Wireless Guest Network 323
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 323
Foundation Topics 325
Guest Network Overview 325
Configuring a Guest Network 326
Scaling the Guest Network 329
Exam Preparation Tasks 332
Review All Key Topics 332
Define Key Terms 332
Chapter 17 Understanding Wireless Clients 335
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 335
Foundation Topics 338
Configuring Common Wireless Clients 338
Windows 7 and 8 338
Intel PROSet 341
Android 345
Apple OS X 346
Cisco AnyConnect 348
Cisco Compatible Extensions 352
Exam Preparation Tasks 356
Review All Key Topics 356
Define Key Terms 356
Chapter 18 Managing Wireless Networks with WCS 359
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 359
Foundation Topics 362
WCS Overview 362
Alarm Summary Dashboard 364
Main Navigation Area 366
WCS Home Area 366
Using WCS to Configure Devices 368
Using WCS Maps 370
Displaying Maps 370
Manipulating APs on Maps 373
Viewing Information on Maps 375
Generating Reports 377
Exam Preparation Tasks 381
Review All Key Topics 381
Chapter 19 Dealing with Wireless Interference 383
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 383
Understanding Types of Interference 386
Bluetooth 386
ZigBee 387
Cordless Phones 388
Microwave Ovens 388
WiMAX 388
Other Devices 389
Using Cisco CleanAir to Manage Interference 390
Enabling CleanAir 392
Air-Quality Index 394
Using Event-Driven RRM 396
Exam Preparation Tasks 397
Review All Key Topics 397
Define Key Terms 398
Chapter 20 Troubleshooting WLAN Connectivity 401
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 401
Foundation Topics 405
Troubleshooting Client Connectivity 405
Troubleshooting Clients from the Controller 406
Performing a Link Test 411
Debugging a Client 412
Troubleshooting Clients from WCS/NCS 415
Troubleshooting AP Connectivity 420
Verifying AP-to-WLC Connectivity 420
Verifying AP-to-Network Connectivity 422
Exam Preparation Tasks 425
Review All Key Topics 425
Chapter 21 Maintaining Controllers 427
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 427
Accessing WLC and AP Management Interfaces 430
Accessing APs 432
Maintaining WLC Code Images 434
Maintaining WLC Configurations 437
Working with WLC Logs 439
Exam Preparation Tasks 444
Review All Key Topics 444
Chapter 22 Final Review 447
Advice About the Exam Event 447
Learn the Question Types Using the Cisco Certification Exam Tutorial 447
Think About Your Time Budget 452
Other Pre-Exam Suggestions 453
Final Thoughts 455
Appendix A Answers to “Do I Know This Already?” Quizzes 457
Chapter 1 457
Chapter 2 458
Chapter 3 459
Chapter 4 459
Chapter 5 460
Chapter 6 461
Chapter 7 461
Chapter 8 462
Chapter 9 463
Chapter 10 464
Chapter 11 464
Chapter 12 465
Chapter 13 466
Chapter 14 467
Chapter 15 467
Chapter 16 468
Chapter 17 468
Chapter 18 469
Chapter 19 469
Chapter 20 470
Chapter 21 471
Appendix B Modulation and Coding Schemes 473
Key Terms Glossary 481
Index 494
David Hucaby, CCIE No. 4594, is a network architect for the University of Kentucky, where he works with academic and healthcare networks based on the Cisco Unified Wireless Network products. David has bachelor’s and master’s degrees in electrical engineering from the University of Kentucky. He is the author of several Cisco Press titles, including CCNP SWITCH Exam Certification Guide; Cisco LAN Switching Video Mentor; CCNP Security FIREWALL Exam Certification Guide; Cisco ASA, PIX, and FWSM Firewall Handbook, Second Edition; and Cisco Firewall Video Mentor. David lives in Kentucky with his wife, Marci, and two daughters.
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