Preface The World of Ancient Biblical Interpreters The Creation of the World Wisdom Came First * The "Beginning" Did It * A Special Light * The Angels Were Also Created * God and Someone Else * Completed on Friday Adam and Eve Death in a Day * The Punishment Was Mortality * Sinfulness is Hereditary * The Serpent Was Satan * Blame It on the Woman * An Extra Proviso * The Earthly Paradise * The Garden in Heaven Cain and Abel Son of the Devil * Cain's Sisters * Professions Decided * Defective Sacrifices * The Problem Was the Sacrificer * The Good and the Bad * Killed with a Stone * God Knew Where Abel Was * Cain's Sevenfold Punishment * Cain's Repentance Noah and the Flood Cain Was the Worst * The Immortal Enoch * The Heavenly Scribe * Enoch the Sage * Enoch the Penitent * A Bad Match * The Wicked Giants * One Hundred and Twenty until Punishment * Noah Warned of the Flood * Noah the Righteous * Only in His Generation * The Animals Also Sinned * The Purifying Flood The Tower of Babel They Tried to Storm Heaven * A War against God * Nimrod Built It * The Builders Were Giants * The Tower Lies in Ruins Abraham Journeys from Chaldea Abraham the Monotheist * Terah, Priest of Idolatry * Abraham the Astronomer * Tipped Off by the Stars * Abraham Rescued from Chaldea * Abraham Saved from Fire * Abraham Was Upset * Abraham's Dream Melchizedek A Generous Host * Righteous King and Priest * Divinely Appointed High Priest * The Heavenly Melchizedek * The Christian "Order of Melchizedek" * An Uncircumcised Priest? * Melchizedek in Samaria * Melchizedek Was Shem * Services No Longer Needed The Trials of Abraham Abraham the Tested * Abraham Saw a Dire Future * Challenged by Angels * God Made It Known * Isaac Was a Willing Victim * Together in Mind * Offering Foreshadowed Crucifixion Lot and Lot's Wife Lot the Righteous * Lot the Wicked * Sodomites' Sexual Sins * The Proud and the Stingy * Abraham's Hospitality * Lot Learned from Abraham * Lot's Wife Sinned * A Visible Reminder * Lot's Daughters Meant Well Jacob and Esau Jacob Was Not Just "Simple" * Jacob the Scholar * Esau the Wicked * Good and Evil in Utero * Esau the Warrior * Esau Means Rome * Esau the Deceiver * Esau Didn't Care * Jacob Told the Truth * God Wanted Jacob to be Blessed * The Ladder Was a Message * Angels Wanted to See Him Jacob and the Angel Jacob Knew Right Away * Deluded in the Dark * Additional Trickery Required * Weak, Bleary Eyes * "Nice Eyes, But..." * God Multiplied Jacob's Flocks * Rachel Was Not a Crook * Jacob Struggled with an Angel * Mighty with God's Help * Israel Means Seeing God Dinah Uncontrolled Anger * Shechem Deserved Death * Foreigners Are Different * Intermarriage Is Forbidden * A Wise Answer * The Whole City Was Guilty * City with a Criminal Past * God Said No * God Ordered Their Destruction * Dinah Married Job Joseph's Ups and Downs It's a Wise Child * Eating from the Flocks * Resembled Jacob in All Things * Deeds of Youthful Foolishness * For the Price of Shoes * Joseph's Great Virtue * A Very Handsome Man * Girls Climbing the Walls * Cast Down Their Jewelry * Joseph Was Not Tempted * Remembered Jacob's Teachings * Saw Jacob's Face * A Collective Accusation * Pharaoh's Servants Applauded * Joseph Had Been Disdained Jacob's Sons in Egypt A Good Reason for Concealing * Joseph Tested His Brothers * Joseph Disdained Revenge * Reuben Lost His Inheritance * Bilhah Bathing * Bilhah Was Asleep * Jacob Foretold the Future * Kingship Will Not Depart Forever * Another King Will Come * Until a New King Comes * A Ruler of the World * Why Did Joseph Put It Off? Growing Up in Pharaoh's Court A Plan to Finish Them Off * Why Only the Boys? * A Future Savior * Jannes and Jambres * Balaam, Job, and Jethro * Death by Water * Schooled in Every Wisdom * Moses' Speech Defect * Jealous of Moses * Zipporah the Ethopian * Miraculously Burning Bush * The Medium Was the Message * "I Am the One Who Is..." * "I Am the Eternal..." * An Angel in the Hotel * Circumcision Delayed Is Circumcision Denied * A Prenuptial Agreement The Exodus from Egypt A Godlike Man * No Mere Magician's Trick * Pharaoh Didn't Realize * Divine Punishment of the Egyptians * Deservedly Punished by Water * A Dark Dungeon for Egypt * Metaphorical Darkness * Justifiable Death for the Firstborn * Egyptians Gave Willingly * Fair Wages at Last * The Symbolic Passover Laws * The (Paschal) Lamb of Christianity The Red Sea Pillar of Luminous Cloud * Protective Covering * An Angel in the Cloud * Final Payment * Get Back Our Goods! * Rebellion at the Sea * More than One Miracle * A Grassy Plain * Miraculous Timing * If Looks Could Kill * Light and Dark Together * Ups and Downs of the Egyptians * Red Sea as Baptism * How Did They Know the Words? * Seeing God at the Sea * Infants Sang Too * Miriam's Separate Song * A New Song Into the Wilderness Water, Water... * A Symbolic Tree * The Water Was Divine Wisdom * The Food of the Angels * Heavenly Grain * Adapted to Any Taste * Spiritual Sustenance * The Traveling Rock * Miriam's Well * Amalek Destroyed at the End-Time * The Symbolic Hands of Moses * The Christian Battle with Amalek * Jethro the Polytheist * Jethro the Good At Mt. Sinai Heaven on Earth * Celestial Sinai * Heavenly Moses * God Spoke All Ten * God Spoke Only Two * The Ten Were All * The Decalogue Epitomizes * Five and Five * Which Ten Commandments? * No Talk of Weekday Matters * Guard the Sabbath Borders * Do Not Go Out Too Far * Do Not Take Vain Oaths * No False Oaths * Honor Your Heavenly and Earthly Fathers * A Mishap to the Baby * A Mishap to the Mother * Money for an Eye * Traditions of the Elders * Moses Was Given More than the Torah * Oral Teachings from Moses * A Hidden Torah * Moses' Secret Book * A Book before Moses * Children of the Chosen * Singled Out from the Start * Other Nations Knew Anyway * Other Nations at Fault * Remember This Blood The Golden Calf A Celestial Sanctuary * Copied from Heaven * A Likeness of the Universe * Aaron Tried to Stop Them * Aaron Feared for His Life * Hur Murdered by the Rabble * The Letters Flew Off * Tables Became Too Heavy * Divine Traits of Character * Steadfast Love for Thousands of Generations * No Pardon for the Wicked * Thousands of Sins Forgiven * Moses' Face Beamed Light * Moses Grew Horns Worship in the Wilderness An Error in Priestly Procedure * A Holy Death * Coats Not Burned * Control of Appetites * Ruminating with One's Mind * Gentle Birds for Gentle People * Day of Repentance * The Day of Partial Atonement * Hatred Means Hypocrisy * Reproach Prevents Hatred * Reproach Gently to Prevent Sin * Reproach before Charging * Love As You Would Be Loved * Love Only Your Neighbor * The Whole Torah Trouble along the Way Quails Weren't for Grousing * A Wife Related to Prophecy * Trusted Servant Par Excellence * Whose Bad Idea? * Solemnly Warned * Tassels Set Off Revolt * Moses Accused of Favoritism * Moses Was Polite * Korah's Symbolic Death * A Truly Dangerous Figure * Aaron's Symbolic Staff The Bronze Serpent, Balaam, and Phinehas Looking Didn't Cure * Serpent Was Like Moses' Hands * Balaam the Wicked * God Knew Who They Were * A Prophet for Hire * Balaam Foresaw the Messiah * A Ruler of the World * The Star Is the Messiah * The Star Will Precede the Scepter * Balaam Counseled Seduction * A Leader among Priests * Phinehas the Immortal * Phinehas Is Elijah The Life of Torah The Great Teaching * These Words Twice a Day * A Particular Prophet * Do Not Displace Old Practices * Necessary Paperwork * No Divorce--Except for Indecency * Any Old Reason Is Valid * Don't Muzzle Me * Small Commandments as Important as Big * Torah Refines (Like Fire) * The Gift of the Torah * Not in Heaven Anymore * A Choice for Each Person * A Choice of Two Paths * Nice Road at First * The Path to the Afterlife * Consider Heaven and Earth * Heaven and Earth Were Already Witnesses * Moses Did Not Want to Die * Moses Disputed with an Angel * Moses' Last Vision * Buried by God (or the Angels) * Buried under a Cloud * Not Buried at All * The Supreme Philosopher Afterword Abbreviations Terms and Sources Bibliography Illustration Credits Index
James Kugel is one of the great scholars of biblical interpretation in our time, and from the day of its publication this book will become the indispensable classic in the field. The relationship between the formation of texts and the development of their interpretive traditions in the evolution of the Hebrew Bible has been given a treatment both authoritative and innovative, altogether a singular contribution to the realm of biblical study. -- Peter J. Gomes, author of The Good Book James Kugel is a scholar much admired for his learning and originality. In this book he addresses not the biblical expert but the ordinary intelligent reader, and explains how the tradition of biblical interpretation was shaped by the earliest interpreters, whether Christian or rabbinical. The Bible As It Was will interest all who care about traditions of interpretation, and all who wish to deepen their understanding of the whole Bible. -- Frank Kermode A book that not only informs--with a vast, mostly hidden erudition behind it--but also entertains. It is important, and a delight. Kugel invites his readers to think their way into the several manners in which the ancient readers heard the biblical texts. -- Wayne Meeks, Yale University A landmark! This is the story of how we got the Bible that we have today. It will enthrall all readers who love and hate and care about the Bible. There is no one better suited than Kugel to have produced this extremely important book. In addition to his extraordinary erudition in both the Jewish and Christian reading traditions of antiquity, he is gifted with the ability to write clearly and engagingly but with nuance and preciseness. -- Daniel Boyarin, University of California, Berkeley
James L. Kugel is a Professor at Bar-Ilan University.
[A] wonderfully rich and learned volume...[Kugel's] purpose in The
Bible As It Was is to describe the way the Bible was understood by
various ancient peoples, from the Israelites who returned to
Palestine after the Babylonian Captivity to the early Christian
redactors of the New Testament. Using a staggering number of
sources, Mr. Kugel evokes the manner in which the Bible was
understood at the time of these interpreters; he also traces the
origins of many of the explanations that have remained standard
over the millennia. Mr. Kugel's enormous undertaking is likely to
be seen as a milestone in the long critical history of Bible
studies, that is, of the approach to the Bible as both a human
document and a living one, rather than as the immutable and perfect
word of God.
*New York Times*
[A] fascinating study...[Kugel's] main purpose is to provide a
detailed look at how the Torah, the first five books, was
interpreted in antiquity, most particularly from the third century
B.C. through the first century A.D....To cull material from these
diverse sources requires no small expertise as a sleuth and a
scholar. Kugel is equal to the task...He tackles his chosen subject
with erudition and enthusiasm...Compellingly written.
*New York Times Book Review*
It is the general reader whom Kugel has in view throughout, and his
aim, in which he admirably succeeds, is both to provide such reader
with a first-hand acquaintance with some examples of ancient
biblical interpretation and also to show how these make sense, once
writers' assumptions and exegetical techniques are grasped...The
Bible At It Was is an enjoyable work. It is beautifully produced,
clearly set out, so that, in spite of its size, it is easy to use,
and is written in a lively, often racy, style; it displays that
expository mastery of a complicated subject which is the mark of a
distinguished scholar, and it will make the readers to whom it is
directed feel at home in an unfamiliar world.
*Times Literary Supplement*
[This book] takes something you thought you knew and shows
you--doesn't just tell you--that you didn't really know it at
all...Kugel, who has the wherewithal to be a world-class academic
show-off, instead lets the ancients speak in their own voice, make
their own case. His learning is staggering, but his scholarly
humility is exemplary. You mustn't skip a sentence in his book, and
his has so deftly fashioned it that you don't want to.
*Harvard Divinity Bulletin*
In this learned yet readable book, James Kugel explains how the
earliest scholars tried to make some sense of difficult passages
and how their work has forever influenced the way later generations
understood the Bible...His book is a good introduction to Jewish
biblical tradition and how ancient scribes and scholars understood
the Bible.
*Cleveland Plain Dealer*
[The Bible As It Was] engages the reader...without demanding
knowledge of any ancient languages, and in a prose so sweetly
reasonable that daunting scholarship gets spooned out as the
delight of discovery...It offers rich resources for the study of
comparative scriptural interpretation...[and] not only reminds us
of a deeper and broader tradition of biblical study that the
profoundly amnesiac version called the historical-critical, but
provides a sense of what that older tradition might still
offer...[Kugel] shows how the 'legends' developed, not by random
imagination, but by means of careful exegetical deduction. Here is
the real intellectual thrill, to see how the 'questions' posed by
the notorious gaps, indirections, and obscurities of the Hebrew
text led naturally...to the sorts of 'answers' gathered together in
this volume. Kugel is a talented teacher, who successfully leads
his readers through an imaginative reconstruction of the logic at
work at every stage from text to traditions...[This anthology]
offers valuable resources for a fuller and more organic engagement
with Scripture...[It is] brilliantly presented.
*Commonweal*
The Bible As It Was guides us deftly through a web that turns out
to have been far more extensive and ecumenical than most of us
would have thought.
*Commentary*
With humor and insight derived from modern scholarship,
archaeology, linguistics, and history, Kugel succeeds as did his
ancient interpretive forebears in bringing out 'the universal and
enduring messages of biblical texts.
*Reform Judaism*
A dazzlingly learned and clever study...Kugel's fascinating,
eclectic anthology of wisdom is graced by many choice passages from
Philo, the 1st-century B.C.E. Jew of Alexandria who excelled in
Torah interpretation.
*Jerusalem Report*
Biblical commentaries from 1,500 years ago? How significant could
they be to our modern-day perception of biblical stories?
Extremely. The picture painted by James L. Kugel... in his recent
book, The Bible As It Was, is that it was those interpreters, often
anonymous and today largely unknown, who significantly molded our
understanding of the Bible...Kugel offers a large, well-selected
collection of these interpretations on 23 of the better-known
biblical stories. He presents them in a masterful way that makes
them easily accessible and enjoyable to the layman...[and places
them in]...proper historical and religious context...The Bible As
It Was can be read from cover to cover or it can be used as a
resource by someone studying a particular biblical incident. The
sources in this book are crucial to understanding our Bible, and
Kugel has done a great service by making them accessible to the
general public.
*Cleveland Jewish News*
The most important biblical study this decade.
*Library Booknotes*
An extraordinary, pathbreaking scholarly achievement: an annotated
anthology of interpretations of ancient (mostly 100 B.C. 300 A.D.)
interpretations of the Torah culled from hundreds of
sources...Kugel's great achievement is to demonstrate again and
again, with hundreds of fascinating examples, how the integrity of
the text was both respected and reinterpreted by authors as varied
as those of the apocrypha, the earliest midrashim, and the Dead Sea
Scrolls, as well as the early Church fathers. His own interpretive
comments are consistently clear and engaging...This volume, which
will be savored by both Jewish and Christian lovers of Scripture,
richly illustrates Kugel's point that what we know as 'the Bible'
is really a series of texts filtered through the imaginative
perceptions of its ancient exegetes.
*Kirkus Reviews*
Kugel has marshaled a great many ancient sources. This important
work for intelligent readers should be acquired by all general
readership libraries and especially by those intended for
theological and sociological research.
*Library Journal*
James Kugel is one of the great scholars of biblical interpretation
in our time, and from the day of its publication this book will
become the indispensable classic in the field. The relationship
between the formation of texts and the development of their
interpretive traditions in the evolution of the Hebrew Bible has
been given a treatment both authoritative and innovative,
altogether a singular contribution to the realm of biblical
study.
*Peter J. Gomes, author of The Good Book*
James Kugel is a scholar much admired for his learning and
originality. In this book he addresses not the biblical expert but
the ordinary intelligent reader, and explains how the tradition of
biblical interpretation was shaped by the earliest interpreters,
whether Christian or rabbinical. The Bible As It Was will interest
all who care about traditions of interpretation, and all who wish
to deepen their understanding of the whole Bible.
*Frank Kermode*
A book that not only informs--with a vast, mostly hidden erudition
behind it--but also entertains. It is important, and a delight.
Kugel invites his readers to think their way into the several
manners in which the ancient readers heard the biblical texts.
*Wayne Meeks, Yale University*
A landmark! This is the story of how we got the Bible that we have
today. It will enthrall all readers who love and hate and care
about the Bible. There is no one better suited than Kugel to have
produced this extremely important book. In addition to his
extraordinary erudition in both the Jewish and Christian reading
traditions of antiquity, he is gifted with the ability to write
clearly and engagingly but with nuance and preciseness.
*Daniel Boyarin, University of California, Berkeley*
[A] wonderfully rich and learned volume...[Kugel's] purpose in
The Bible As It Was is to describe the way the Bible was
understood by various ancient peoples, from the Israelites who
returned to Palestine after the Babylonian Captivity to the early
Christian redactors of the New Testament. Using a staggering number
of sources, Mr. Kugel evokes the manner in which the Bible was
understood at the time of these interpreters; he also traces the
origins of many of the explanations that have remained standard
over the millennia. Mr. Kugel's enormous undertaking is likely to
be seen as a milestone in the long critical history of Bible
studies, that is, of the approach to the Bible as both a human
document and a living one, rather than as the immutable and perfect
word of God. -- Richard Bernstein * New York Times *
[A] fascinating study...[Kugel's] main purpose is to provide a
detailed look at how the Torah, the first five books, was
interpreted in antiquity, most particularly from the third century
B.C. through the first century A.D....To cull material from these
diverse sources requires no small expertise as a sleuth and a
scholar. Kugel is equal to the task...He tackles his chosen subject
with erudition and enthusiasm...Compellingly written. -- Phyllis
Trible * New York Times Book Review *
It is the general reader whom Kugel has in view throughout, and his
aim, in which he admirably succeeds, is both to provide such reader
with a first-hand acquaintance with some examples of ancient
biblical interpretation and also to show how these make sense, once
writers' assumptions and exegetical techniques are grasped...The
Bible At It Was is an enjoyable work. It is beautifully
produced, clearly set out, so that, in spite of its size, it is
easy to use, and is written in a lively, often racy, style; it
displays that expository mastery of a complicated subject which is
the mark of a distinguished scholar, and it will make the readers
to whom it is directed feel at home in an unfamiliar world. -- J.
R. Porter * Times Literary Supplement *
[This book] takes something you thought you knew and shows
you--doesn't just tell you--that you didn't really know it at
all...Kugel, who has the wherewithal to be a world-class academic
show-off, instead lets the ancients speak in their own voice, make
their own case. His learning is staggering, but his scholarly
humility is exemplary. You mustn't skip a sentence in his book, and
his has so deftly fashioned it that you don't want to. -- Patrick
Henry * Harvard Divinity Bulletin *
In this learned yet readable book, James Kugel explains how the
earliest scholars tried to make some sense of difficult passages
and how their work has forever influenced the way later generations
understood the Bible...His book is a good introduction to Jewish
biblical tradition and how ancient scribes and scholars understood
the Bible. -- Joseph F. Kelly * Cleveland Plain Dealer *
[The Bible As It Was] engages the reader...without demanding
knowledge of any ancient languages, and in a prose so sweetly
reasonable that daunting scholarship gets spooned out as the
delight of discovery...It offers rich resources for the study of
comparative scriptural interpretation...[and] not only reminds us
of a deeper and broader tradition of biblical study that the
profoundly amnesiac version called the historical-critical, but
provides a sense of what that older tradition might still
offer...[Kugel] shows how the 'legends' developed, not by random
imagination, but by means of careful exegetical deduction. Here is
the real intellectual thrill, to see how the 'questions' posed by
the notorious gaps, indirections, and obscurities of the Hebrew
text led naturally...to the sorts of 'answers' gathered together in
this volume. Kugel is a talented teacher, who successfully leads
his readers through an imaginative reconstruction of the logic at
work at every stage from text to traditions...[This anthology]
offers valuable resources for a fuller and more organic engagement
with Scripture...[It is] brilliantly presented. -- Luke Timothy
Johnson * Commonweal *
The Bible As It Was guides us deftly through a web that
turns out to have been far more extensive and ecumenical than most
of us would have thought. -- Hillel Halkin * Commentary *
With humor and insight derived from modern scholarship,
archaeology, linguistics, and history, Kugel succeeds as did his
ancient interpretive forebears in bringing out 'the universal and
enduring messages of biblical texts. -- Steven Schnur * Reform
Judaism *
A dazzlingly learned and clever study...Kugel's fascinating,
eclectic anthology of wisdom is graced by many choice passages from
Philo, the 1st-century B.C.E. Jew of Alexandria who excelled in
Torah interpretation. -- Stuart Schoffman * Jerusalem Report *
Biblical commentaries from 1,500 years ago? How significant could
they be to our modern-day perception of biblical stories?
Extremely. The picture painted by James L. Kugel... in his recent
book, The Bible As It Was, is that it was those
interpreters, often anonymous and today largely unknown, who
significantly molded our understanding of the Bible...Kugel offers
a large, well-selected collection of these interpretations on 23 of
the better-known biblical stories. He presents them in a masterful
way that makes them easily accessible and enjoyable to the
layman...[and places them in]...proper historical and religious
context...The Bible As It Was can be read from cover to
cover or it can be used as a resource by someone studying a
particular biblical incident. The sources in this book are crucial
to understanding our Bible, and Kugel has done a great service by
making them accessible to the general public. -- Ari Zivotofsky *
Cleveland Jewish News *
The most important biblical study this decade. * Library Booknotes
*
An extraordinary, pathbreaking scholarly achievement: an annotated
anthology of interpretations of ancient (mostly 100 B.C. 300 A.D.)
interpretations of the Torah culled from hundreds of
sources...Kugel's great achievement is to demonstrate again and
again, with hundreds of fascinating examples, how the integrity of
the text was both respected and reinterpreted by authors as varied
as those of the apocrypha, the earliest midrashim, and the
Dead Sea Scrolls, as well as the early Church fathers. His own
interpretive comments are consistently clear and engaging...This
volume, which will be savored by both Jewish and Christian lovers
of Scripture, richly illustrates Kugel's point that what we know as
'the Bible' is really a series of texts filtered through the
imaginative perceptions of its ancient exegetes. * Kirkus Reviews
*
Kugel has marshaled a great many ancient sources. This important
work for intelligent readers should be acquired by all general
readership libraries and especially by those intended for
theological and sociological research. * Library Journal *
James Kugel is one of the great scholars of biblical interpretation
in our time, and from the day of its publication this book will
become the indispensable classic in the field. The relationship
between the formation of texts and the development of their
interpretive traditions in the evolution of the Hebrew Bible has
been given a treatment both authoritative and innovative,
altogether a singular contribution to the realm of biblical study.
-- Peter J. Gomes, author of The Good Book
James Kugel is a scholar much admired for his learning and
originality. In this book he addresses not the biblical expert but
the ordinary intelligent reader, and explains how the tradition of
biblical interpretation was shaped by the earliest interpreters,
whether Christian or rabbinical. The Bible As It Was will
interest all who care about traditions of interpretation, and all
who wish to deepen their understanding of the whole Bible. -- Frank
Kermode
A book that not only informs--with a vast, mostly hidden erudition
behind it--but also entertains. It is important, and a delight.
Kugel invites his readers to think their way into the several
manners in which the ancient readers heard the biblical texts. --
Wayne Meeks, Yale University
A landmark! This is the story of how we got the Bible that we have
today. It will enthrall all readers who love and hate and care
about the Bible. There is no one better suited than Kugel to have
produced this extremely important book. In addition to his
extraordinary erudition in both the Jewish and Christian reading
traditions of antiquity, he is gifted with the ability to write
clearly and engagingly but with nuance and preciseness. -- Daniel
Boyarin, University of California, Berkeley
Kugel (Hebrew literature, Harvard Univ. and Bar Ilan Univ., Israel) attempts to reconstruct the Bible as it was understood in the closing centuries B.C.E. and at the very start of the common era. His work is designed to serve as the popular complement to a more scholarly book, soon to be published by Harvard University Press. Here, Kugel aims to show how traditional interpretive motifs regarding the Bible were formed, came to be idealized, and were even regarded as indistinguishable from the biblical text itself, whether by Jews or early Christians. Half of this work is given to elucidating major interpretive motifs drawn from Genesis, the remainder, to major interpretive traditions drawn from Exodus, Leviticus, and Numbers. Kugel has marshaled a great many ancient sources. This important work for intelligent readers should be acquired by all general readership libraries and especially by those intended for theological and sociological research.‘Robert H. O'Connell, Denver
 |
Ask a Question About this Product More... |
|
