Table of Contents

List of Figures viii

List of Abbreviations ix

Acknowledgments x

Introduction 1

Part I Worlds Apart: Before Keynes 25

1 The Birth of Economic Productiveness 27

2 Instrumental Internationalism 57

Part II Worlds Aligned: From the Great Depression to the Eve of the Big Bang 101

3 Enclosing the Unproductive 103

4 America, and Boundaries Breached 146

Part III Co-Constituted Worlds: The Age of Financialization? 185

5 Layering the Logics of Free Trade in Banking 187

6 Anaemic Geographies of Productive Finance 229

Afterword 275

Index 282

About the Author

Brett Christophers is Assistant Professor in the Department of Social and Economic Geography and the Institute for Housing and Urban Research at the University of Uppsala, Sweden. He holds degrees from the Universities of Oxford, UK, British Columbia, Canada, and Auckland, New Zealand, and is the author of Positioning the Missionary: John Booth Good and the Confluence of Cultures in Nineteenth-Century British Columbia (1998) and Envisioning Media Power: On Capital and Geographies of Television (2009).

Reviews

"The overall effect is a compelling geopolitical analysis of the historical development of banking that explains present banking institutions and powers, and the political impasse that has permeated Anglo-American capitalist systems since the 2008 financial crisis." ( Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography , 24 September 2014) "That said, Christophers has produced an impressive and ambitious piece of scholarship that demonstrates the power of ideas and epistemic communities in shaping the global economy and placed banking more centrally within this. In so doing, Banking across Boundaries will be essential reading for researchers working on the geographies of money and finance and the international financial system within economic geography and cognate disciplines." ( Journal of Economic Geography , 5 November 2013) "Banking Across Boundaries: Placing Finance in Capitalism [is] a probing examination of the boundaries, conceptual and geographic, at stake in financial intermediation. ... [Christophers] succeeds in uncovering fresh connections between material and discursive change, ranging across centuries of financial history, while profitably assimilating various theoretical and empirical literatures, including, but not limited to, critical accounting studies, the sociology of finance, international political economy, and Christophers' home discipline of human geography. It is done with admirable fluency and alacrity." Jonathan Levy, Princeton University (in Economic Geography ) "Brett Christophers has written a wide-ranging, brilliant, and imaginative book about one of the most important topics in contemporary social science--the role of banks in the contemporary global economy." Fred Block, Department of Sociology, University of California at Davis "BAB is an important book that gives us important correctives to established narratives." Mark Blyth, Political Science, Brown University " Banking Across Boundaries is a theoretically precise and empirically meticulous work of political economy that grapples seriously with the large-scale spatial patterns and dynamics of capitalist development and adds to our knowledge and understanding of them. It belongs on the shelf with works such as Harvey's Limits to Capital (1982), Henderson's California and the Fictions of Capital (1998), and Arrighi's The Long Twentieth Century (1994). ... Banking Across Boundaries should be read not just by economic geographers, political economists, or those concerned with the financial crisis, but by anyone who wants to understand key aspects of the "global" economy." ( Geographical Review , 16 December 2013) "This is a hugely ambitious, powerful and provocative book ... The sheer scale and ambition of his project is one of its stand-out features; this is an argument conceived with a grand sweep in mind, designed to produce an aggregate picture and perspective that allows some meaningful international comparisons to be drawn. This attention to history and geography as the context for the development and refinement of ideas is a key strength of the book ... It provides a powerful demonstration of how political economic geographical analysis can operate through both the performative and material worlds of institutions, people, ideas, models and metrics ... A compelling book that should be widely read in economic geography and across the social sciences." Jane Pollard, Newcastle University, UK - Progress in Human Geography book review symposium (September 2013) "Christophers displays many of the skills required of a good detective, being both forensic in his approach and resolute in his persistence: his refusal to let claims go unchallenged or data unexamined is an admirable feature throughout ... Clearly a major contribution to the field." Andrew Leyshon, University of Nottingham, UK - Progress in Human Geography book review symposium (September 2013) "Christophers has written, first, a deeply informative and, second, a very gutsy account of the expansion, contraction, and once again expansion of international banking. The book is gutsy because Christophers challenges the common wisdom that capitalism has undergone a basic restructuring and become 'financialized'. The challenge rests upon a foundation of quite extraordinary scholarship: it is impossible not to appreciate Christophers' sustained engagement with banking's centuries-long history and its extensive historical geography, too." George Henderson, University of Minnesota, USA - Progress in Human Geography book review symposium (September 2013) "Brett Christophers' Banking Across Boundaries ... will surely be of interest to students and scholars across a range of disciplines, from economic geography to international political economy and economic sociology." Regional Studies (September 2013) "What is of particular interest is the way in which Banking Across Boundaries explicitly takes aim at performativity, a conceptual mainstay of the cultural economy of finance." Journal of Cultural Economy (March 2013)