Table of Contents

Acknowledgments
I. Executive Summary and Recommendations
A. Executive Summary
B. Recommendations

II. Ethnic Profiling: What Is It and When Is It Unlawful?
A. Ethnic Profiling Defined and Described
B. Is Ethnic Profiling Legal?

III. Ethnic Profiling in Ordinary Policing
A. Existing Reporting of Ethnic Profiling in Europe
B. Quantitative Data on Ethnic Profiling in Stop-and-Search Practices
C. Disparate Treatment and Abusive Conduct during Stops of Minorities
D. Police Raids Targeting Ethnic Minorities
E. Immigration Enforcement
F. Negative Consequences of Ethnic Profiling in Ordinary Policing
G. Evaluating the Effectiveness of Ethnic Profiling in Ordinary Policing

IV. Ethnic Profiling in Counterterrorism Since 9/11
A. Ethnic Profiling in Mass Controls and Stop-and-Search Practices
B. Data Mining
C. Raids on Muslim Institutions and Harassment of Muslim Businesses
D. Arrest and Imprisonment
E. Identifying Individuals in the Process of Radicalizing
F. Monitoring Mosques, Muslim Organizations, and Their Members
G. Negative Consequences of Ethnic Profiling in Counterterrorism
H. Evaluating the Effectiveness of Ethnic Profiling in Counterterrorism: No Evidence of Efficacy

V. Alternatives to Ethnic Profiling

VI. Conclusion