Table of Contents

About this resource viii

Acknowledgements x

Unit 3 Australia’s Health in a Globalised World 1

1 Concepts of health and wellbeing 3

1.1 Overview 3

1.2 Concepts of health and wellbeing and illness 4

1.3 Dimensions of health and wellbeing 10

1.4 Interrelationships between the dimensions of health and wellbeing 18

1.5 Optimal health and wellbeing as a resource 23

1.6 Prerequisites for health part 1 30

1.7 Prerequisites for health part 2 34

1.8 Topic 1 review 40

2 Measuring health status 48

2.1 Overview 48

2.2 Self-assessed health status and life expectancy 50

2.3 Mortality 55

2.4 Morbidity 63

2.5 Burden of disease 70

2.6 Topic 2 review 75

3 Factors influencing health status and burden of disease 81

3.1 Overview 81

3.2 Smoking 82

3.3 Alcohol 89

3.4 High body mass index 95

3.5 Underconsumption of vegetables, fruit and dairy foods 101

3.6 Dietary risks of high intake of fat, salt and sugar 111

3.7 Dietary risks of low intake of fibre and iron 119

3.8 Topic 3 review 125

4 Variations in health status between population groups 127

4.1 Overview 127

4.2 Biological factors contributing to variations in health status 128

4.3 Sociocultural factors contributing to variations in health status 136

4.4 Environmental factors contributing to variations in health status 144

4.5 Differences between Indigenous and non-Indigenous population groups 151

4.6 Differences between male and female population groups 160

4.7 Differences between high and low socioeconomic status population groups 165

4.8 Differences between those living within and outside of Australia’s major cities 174

4.9 Topic 4 review 181

School-Assessed Coursework Unit 3 AOS 1 Outcome 1 189

5 Changes in Australia’s health status 190

5.1 Overview 190

5.2 Changes in Australia’s health status over time 192

5.3 Policy and practice relating to the ‘old public health’ and Australia’s health status 199

5.4 The biomedical approach to health 205

5.5 Development of new public health and the social model of health 208

5.6 The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion 214

5.7 Improving health status using the social and biomedical approaches to health 221

5.8 Topic 5 review 224

6 Australia’s health system 232

6.1 Overview 232

6.2 Medicare 233

6.3 The Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme and the National Disability Insurance Scheme 239

6.4 Private health insurance 244

6.5 Funding and sustainability and the role of Australia’s health system 248

6.6 Access and equity and the role of Australia’s health system 256

6.7 Topic 6 review 260

7 Targets of health promotion in Australia 264

7.1 Overview 264

7.2 Smoking and the role of health promotion in improving population health 265

7.3 Road safety and the role of health promotion in improving population health 274

7.4 Skin cancer and the role of health promotion in improving population health 284

7.5 Initiatives to address Indigenous health and wellbeing 293

7.6 The Australian Dietary Guidelines 301

7.7 The work of Nutrition Australia 313

7.8 The challenges in bringing about dietary change 320

7.9 Topic 7 review 330

School-Assessed Coursework Unit 3 AOS 2 Outcome 2 338

Unit 4 Health and Human Development in a Global Context 339

8 Comparing health status and burden of disease across countries 341

8.1 Overview 341

8.2 Economic characteristics of high-, middle- and low-income countries 342

8.3 Social and environmental characteristics of high-, middle- and low-income countries 348

8.4 Similarities and differences in health status and burden of disease in low-, middleand high-income countries 353

8.5 Access to safe water and sanitation as factors affecting health status and burden of disease 362

8.6 Poverty as a factor affecting health status and burden of disease 369

8.7 Inequality and discrimination as factors affecting health status and burden of disease 375

8.8 Global distribution and marketing of tobacco, alcohol and processed foods as factors affecting health status and burden of disease 384

8.9 Topic 8 review 390

9 Sustainability and human development 398

9.1 Overview 398

9.2 The economic dimension of sustainability 399

9.3 The social dimension of sustainability 403

9.4 The environmental dimension of sustainability 408

9.5 The concept of human development 413

9.6 The advantages and limitations of the Human Development Index 417

9.7 Topic 9 review 423

10 Global trends and health and wellbeing 427

10.1 Overview 427

10.2 The implications for health and wellbeing of climate change 428

10.3 The implications for health and wellbeing of conflict and mass migration 437

10.4 The implications for health and wellbeing of world trade and tourism 440

10.5 The implications for health and wellbeing of digital technologies 445

10.6 Topic 10 review 448

School-Assessed Coursework Unit 4 AOS 1 Outcome 1 453

11 Sustainable Development Goals and the World Health Organization 454

11.1 Overview 454

11.2 Objectives and rationale for the Sustainable Development Goals and key features of SDG 3 456

11.3 Key features of Sustainable Development Goal 3 Good health and wellbeing 459

11.4 SDG 3 Key feature of maternal and child health and wellbeing 462

11.5 SDG 3 Key feature of communicable diseases 467

11.6 SDG 3 Key feature of non-communicable diseases 480

11.7 The relationships between SDG 3 and SDG 1 490

11.8 The relationships between SDG 3 and SDG 2 494

11.9 The relationships between SDG 3 and SDG 4 499

11.10 The relationships between SDG 3 and SDG 5 503

11.11 The relationships between SDG 3 and SDG 6 507

11.12 The relationships between SDG 3 and SDG 13 511

11.13 The UN’s Sustainable Development Goals and the World Health Organization 514

11.14 Topic 11 review 526

12 Australian aid and non-government organisations (NGOs) 536

12.1 Overview 536

12.2 Types of aid 537

12.3 The features of Australia’s aid program 545

12.4 The Australian government’s aid priorities 550

12.5 World Vision and its role in promoting health and wellbeing and human development globally 562

12.6 Red Cross and its role in promoting health and wellbeing and human development globally 566

12.7 Oxfam and its role in promoting health and wellbeing and human development globally 571

12.8 Topic 12 review 577

13 Programs addressing the Sustainable Development Goals 585

13.1 Overview 585

13.2 Features of effective aid programs 586

13.3 Aid programs addressing SDG 1 No poverty 592

13.4 Aid programs addressing SDG 2 Zero hunger 597

13.5 Aid programs addressing SDG 3 Good health and wellbeing 602

13.6 Aid programs addressing SDG 4 Quality education 609

13.7 Aid programs addressing SDG 5 Gender equality 613

13.8 Aid programs addressing SDG 6 Clean water and sanitation 617

13.9 Aid programs addressing SDG 13 Climate action 621

13.10 Taking social action 624

13.11 Topic 13 review 633

School-Assessed Coursework Unit 4 AOS 2 Outcome 2 642

Glossary 643

Index 651