Table of Contents

Why Eat?
Objectives
The Need for Energy
Metabolic Fuels
Hunger and Appetite
Key points

Enzymes and Metabolic Pathways
Objectives
Chemical reactions: Breaking and Making Covalent Bonds
Enzymes
Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity
Coenzymes and Prosthetic Groups
The Classification and Naming of Enzymes
Metabolic Pathways
Enzymes in Clinical Chemistry and Medicine
Key points

The Role of ATP in Metabolism
Objectives
The Adenine Nucleotides
Functions of ATP
Phosphorylation of ADP to ATP
Key points

Digestion and Absorption
Objectives
The Gastrointestinal Tract
Digestion and Absorption of Carbohydrates
Digestion and Absorption of Fats
Digestion and Absorption of Proteins
The Absorption of Vitamins and Minerals
Key points

Energy Nutrition-the Metabolism of Carbohydrates and Fats
Objectives
Estimation of Energy Expenditure
Energy Balance and Changes in Body Weight
Metabolic Fuels in the Fed and Fasting States
Energy-Yielding Metabolism
The Metabolism of Fats
Tissue Reserves of Metabolic Fuels
Gluconeogenesis-the Synthesis of Glucose from Noncarbohydrate Precursors
Key points

Diet and Health-Nutrition and Chronic Diseases
Objectives
Chronic Diseases (the "Diseases of Affluence")
Types of Evidence Linking Diet and Chronic Diseases
Guidelines for a Prudent Diet
Nutritional Genomics: Interactions between Diet and Genes
Free Radicals, Oxidative Damage, and Antioxidant Nutrients
Other Protective Compounds in Foods
Key points

Overweight and Obesity
Objectives
Desirable Body Weight
The Problems of Overweight and Obesity
The Causes and Treatment of Obesity
Key points

Protein-Energy Malnutrition-Problems of Undernutrition
Objectives
Problems of Deficiency
Protein-Energy Malnutrition
Marasmus
Cachexia
Kwashiorkor
Key points

Protein Nutrition and Metabolism
Objectives
Nitrogen Balance and Protein Requirements
Protein Synthesis
The Metabolism of Amino Acids
Key points

The Integration and Control of Metabolism
Objectives
Patterns of Metabolic Regulation
Intracellular Regulation of Enzyme Activity
Responses to Fast-acting Hormones by Covalent Modification of Enzyme Proteins
Slow-acting Hormones: Changes in Enzyme Synthesis
Hormonal Control in the Fed and Fasting States
Selection of Fuel for Muscle Activity
Diabetes mellitus-a Failure of Regulation of Blood Glucose Concentration
Key points

Micronutrients-the Vitamins and Minerals
Objectives
The Determination of Requirements and Intakes
Vitamin A
Vitamin D
Vitamin E
Vitamin K
Vitamin B1 (thiamin)
Vitamin B2 (riboflavin)
Niacin
Vitamin B6
Vitamin B12
Folic acid
Biotin
Pantothenic acid
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)
Minerals
Key points

Appendix
Glossary

About the Author

University College London, UK