Table of Contents

List of Contributors, viii Foreword, xviii

Infectious Diseases in a Global Perspective, xx

1 Historical overview of global infectious diseases and geopolitics, 1
Francis E.G. Cox

2 Detection of infectious diseases using unofficial sources, 11
Lawrence C. Madoff and David O. Freedman

3 Microbes on the move: prevention, curtailment, outbreak, 22
Patricia Schlagenhauf, Giles Poumerol and Francisco Santos-O'Connor

4 Diagnostic tests and procedures, 31
Larry I. Lutwick, Marc Mendelson and Eskild Petersen

5 East Africa: Madagascar and Indian Ocean islands, 53
Philippe Gautret and Philippe Parola

6 Eastern Africa, 64
Andreas Neumayr and Christoph Hatz

7 Central Africa, 84
Gerd D. Burchard and Stephan Ehrhardt

8 North Africa, 98
Philippe Gautret, Nadjet Mouffok and Philippe Parola

9 Southern Africa, 111
Marc Mendelson, Olga Perovic and Lucille Blumberg

10 West Africa, 128
Joanna S. Herman and Peter L. Chiodini

11 Eastern Asia, 139
Susan MacDonald, Yasuyuki Kato and Annelies Wilder-Smith

12 South Central Asia, 155
Prativa Pandey, Holly Murphy and Ashish Bhalla

13 South-eastern Asia, 170
Daniel H. Paris and Nicholas J. White

14 Western Asia and the Middle East: Part 1, 188
Eyal Leshem and Eli Schwartz

15 Western Asia and the Middle East: Part 2, 197
Jaffar A. Al-Tawfiq and Ziad A. Memish

16 Eastern Europe, 203
Natalia Pshenichnaya and Malgorzata Paul

17 Northern Europe, 218
Birgitta Evenga rd, Audrone Marcinkute and Eskild Petersen

18 Southern Europe, 230
Francesco Castelli, Fabio Buelli and Pier Francesco Giorgetti

19 Western Europe, 238
Peter J. de Vries

20 Caribbean, 261
Jana I. Preis and Larry I. Lutwick

21 Central America, 273
Julius B. Salamera and Larry I. Lutwick

22 South America, 290
Rodrigo Nogueira Angerami and Luiz Jacintho da Silva

23 Northern America, 309
Barbra M. Blair, Philip R. Fischer, Michael Libman and Lin H. Chen

24 Australia and New Zealand, 326
Karin Leder, Joseph Torresi and Marc Shaw

25 Oceania, 341
Karin Leder, Joseph Torresi and Marc Shaw

26 Arctic and Antarctica, 360
Anders Koch, Michael G. Bruce and Karin Ladefoged

27 The immunosuppressed patient, 374
Brian T. Montague, Terri L. Montague and Maria D. Mileno

28 Emerging infections, 393
Mary Elizabeth Wilson

29 Migration and the geography of disease, 404
Rogelio Lopez-Velez, Francesca F. Norman and Jose-Antonio Perez-Molina

30 Climate change and the geographical distribution of infectious diseases, 414
David Harley, Ashwin Swaminathan and Anthony J. McMichael

Abbreviations, 424

Index, 426

About the Author

Eskild Petersen, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark Lin Hwei Chen, Mount Auburn Hospital, MA, USA Patricia Schlagenhauf, University of Zurich WHOCollaborating Centre for Travellers Health, Zurich,Switzerland

Reviews

Overall, this book presents a useful, interestingperspective of infectious diseases from around the world. I wouldconsider it a must on the shelf of travel medicinepractitioners and infectious disease clinicians seeing patients whohave relevant epidemiologic history. Fellows, residents, andstudents of infectious diseases and global health would be wise toperuse this volume. This book is a wonderful, welcome contributionto our field. ( Clinical Infectious Diseases , 1December 2012) "I found this a very interesting read. The opening chapter is ahistorical overview of infectious disease, going back hundreds ofthousands of years and coming up the present day." (British Journalof Cardiology, 2011) The editors of this geographical guide to infectious diseasesbrought a large group of experts and some aspiring young colleaguestogether. The aim of the book is to cover all geographic regions ofthe world, providing an overview of the infectious diseaseslandscape (and in most chapters also of its dynamics) in broadbrushstrokes and detailed lists of infectious agents for majorclinical syndromes, weighted according to frequency and likelihood.With 30 chapters, the book is comprehensive but concise. Chapters describing specific geographic regions are accompaniedby short descriptions of locally prevailing antibiotic resistancepatterns and vaccine-preventable childhood diseases. Chaptersexploring largely uncharted territories - the Arctic and Antarcticregions and Oceania - are particularly noteworthy. Despite theconciseness of the text, there is even enough space to tell thefascinating story of Zika virus that was isolated in Uganda in thelate 1940s and then emerged in Micronesia 60 years later. The opening and closing chapters are excellently written, puttinggeographic medicine intothe context of past and future. Francis Coxprovides a fascinating narrative of how infectious diseases throughthe ages shaped human history; Lopez-Velez andcolleagues and Harley and colleagues finish by highlighting howhuman migration and climate change will shape the future ofinfectious diseases. Additional chapters cover topics such asdiagnostic tests and the problems faced by immunocompromisedtravellers. Although these topics are already covered by otherbooks, the attempt to cover geographic medicine as broadly aspossible is commendable. Valuable additions to future editions would be concise updates ofthe most recent changes in infectious diseases epidemiology overthe past few years, which would give some room to mention briefl ybut in some detail fascinating new developments such as the recentsurge in chikungunya cases around the Indian Ocean, theidentification of Lujo virus in Zambia and South Africa or theidentification of a third geographic area (Africa) wheregnathostomiasis can be contracted. All this information can be traced from the present book sincethose agents are named in the appropriate tables or references, butfor the novice in infectious diseases, this sort of informationwould be highly valuable. This timely book fills a gap within therange of available infectious diseases reference texts and haspotential to become a classic over the years to come. ( Martin PGrobusch , www.thelancet.com/infection, Vol 12. April 2012) This book, as stated by the Editors, is concerned primarily withthe risk of different diseases in relation to geography. Inaddition to a few excellent general introductory chapters, the bookaddresses geographical disease profiles, incubation periods ofinfections and presenting symptoms, according to the United Nationsworld regions. As such, the book succeeds extremely well and theEditors are to be congratulated on a comprehensive and veryreadable text, free of the usual cliches. There are manyuseful and informative tables and the references are generally wellselected. A.J. Magill in the Foreward emphasises correctly that inclinical medicine where have you been? and incarefully tailored preventive medicine where are yougoing? are the foundations of the discipline of TravelMedicine, which is concerned not only with travel but also withimmigration, mass population movements and displaced persons,emerging infections and the effect of climate change on thegeographical distribution of diseases. Global health andgeographical medicine are not topics which can be neglected. This is an admirable book with only a few blemishes (sorry). Anexample is the second part of Chapter 15 concerning Western Asiaand the Middle East essentially describing the Haj but including aTable which details basic economic and demographic data omittingmention of one advanced country in the Middle East with apopulation of over 7 million and a country which is visited eachyear by hundreds of thousands of visitors and pilgrims. Thishowever, is rectified by the sound and detailed chapter in Part 1on Western Asia and the Middle East. Chapter 10 introduces an oddlyterm non-specific viral infections in an era whenhighly sensitive and specific diagnostic techniques areavailable. The use of creative acronyms is somewhat irritating, although aglossary of most abbreviations is provided, but how many readerswill identify correctly the acronyms CRPS, CSOM, GAE, HACEK and MS(MS in this case is used for Member State, not multiple sclerosisaccording to convention). At GBP60 (okay, GBP59.99, or nearly 100 USD) for apaperback, this book is expensive, but it is worth the price ifonly for the chapter on the global history of infectious diseasesand geopolitics by F.E.G. Cox. I recommend this book enthusiastically to the many practitionersin Travel and Geographical Medicine, to Infectious Diseasephysicians, Public Health workers and to medical undergraduate andpostgraduate students. It is, however, essential to use this bookin conjunction with current world wide web sites on TravelMedicine, such as the World Health Organisation (www.who.int/health), TheNational Travel Health Network and Centre (NaTHNaC) (www.nathnac.org) and the Centersfor Disease Control and Prevention (www.cdc.gov/travel) and manyother official internet sites which are updated very frequently inview of the propensity of changes in the epidemiology of infectiousdiseases and demographic changes. ( Jane N. Zuckerman , TravelMedicine and Infectious Disease, Volume 10, January 2012) Infectious Disease: A Geographic Guide uses UnitedNations regions as an organizational basis, which achieves theobjective of maintaining relevance with respect to by-countrytravel while reflecting the fact that pathogens do not recognizepolitical borders. The regions are still country groupings, but theway this book cuts up the world integrates how transmission variesby topography, geoclimatic factors, and the fauna that includepertinent disease reservoirs and vectors. Well-written chaptersalso review background regional histories, evolving global diseasepatterns, and the impacts of migration, climate change, and publichealth interventions. Extensively published physicians who haveexperience in geographic medicine contributed to all of thebook s clinical content. Fifteen of the 22 region-specificchapters include authorship from within that region. Nicelyorganized tables dominate over paragraphs of text. Occasionalinconsistencies occur in the use of a unique font that sets offheadings and subheadings, but this is a relatively minor sideeffect of a first printing. The sequence that reliably characterizes nearly all of theregion chapters is by organ system, with diseases then addressedcategorically by du-ration of symptoms, using a 4-week cutoffpoint. Additional sections cover adenopathy, fever without focalsymptoms, eosinophilia with elevated IgE, antimicrobial drugresistance, vaccine- preventable diseases, and statisticalsummaries addressing economics, demographics, and mortality.However, some authors added sections with a syndromic, taxonomic,transmission-based, or incubation-based approach, and 4 of thechapters have more than a slight departure from the essentialscheme. Nevertheless, the quality of the content is consistent and,in fact, is enhanced by the variations. Overall, the Geographic Guide is an outstanding, quickreference for clinicians. The book provides a link between apatient s history or travel itinerary on one hand and adifferential diagnosis or guidance for preventive measures on theother. ( Bruno P. Petruccelli , Retired, Medical Corps, USArmy)