Introduction xxxi
Getting Started 3
Part I: Networking Fundamentals 12
Chapter 1 The TCP/IP and OSI Networking Models 15
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 15
Foundation Topics 18
Perspectives on Networking 18
TCP/IP Networking Model 19
History Leading to TCP/IP 20
Overview of the TCP/IP Networking Model 21
TCP/IP Application Layer 23
HTTP Overview 23
HTTP Protocol Mechanisms 24
TCP/IP Transport Layer 25
TCP Error Recovery Basics 25
Same-Layer and Adjacent-Layer Interactions 26
TCP/IP Network Layer 26
Internet Protocol and the Postal Service 27
Internet Protocol Addressing Basics 28
IP Routing Basics 29
TCP/IP Link Layer (Data Link Plus Physical) 30
TCP/IP Model and Terminology 32
Comparing the Original and Modern TCP/IP Models 32
Data Encapsulation Terminology 32
Names of TCP/IP Messages 34
OSI Networking Model 34
Comparing OSI and TCP/IP 34
Describing Protocols by Referencing the OSI Layers 35
OSI Layers and Their Functions 36
OSI Layering Concepts and Benefits 37
OSI Encapsulation Terminology 38
Exam Preparation Tasks 40
Chapter 2 Fundamentals of Ethernet LANs 43
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 43
Foundation Topics 46
An Overview of LANs 46
Typical SOHO LANs 46
Typical Enterprise LANs 47
The Variety of Ethernet Physical Layer Standards 48
Consistent Behavior over All Links Using the Ethernet Data Link Layer 49
Building Physical Ethernet Networks with UTP 50
Transmitting Data Using Twisted Pairs 50
Breaking Down a UTP Ethernet Link 51
UTP Cabling Pinouts for 10BASE-T and 100BASE-T 53
Straight-Through Cable Pinout 54
Crossover Cable Pinout 55
Choosing the Right Cable Pinouts 56
UTP Cabling Pinouts for 1000BASE-T 57
Sending Data in Ethernet Networks 57
Ethernet Data Link Protocols 58
Ethernet Addressing 59
Identifying Network Layer Protocols with the Ethernet Type Field 60
Error Detection with FCS 61
Sending Ethernet Frames with Switches and Hubs 62
Sending in Modern Ethernet LANs Using Full-Duplex 62
Using Half-Duplex with LAN Hubs 63
Exam Preparation Tasks 65
Chapter 3 Fundamentals of WANs 67
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 67
Foundation Topics 70
Leased Line WANs 70
Positioning Leased Lines with LANs and Routers 70
Physical Details of Leased Lines 71
Leased Line Cabling 72
Building a WAN Link in a Lab 73
Data Link Details of Leased Lines 74
HDLC Basics 74
How Routers Use a WAN Data Link 75
Ethernet as a WAN Technology 77
Ethernet WANs that Create a Layer 2 Service 78
How Routers Route IP Packets Using Ethernet Emulation 79
Accessing the Internet 80
The Internet as a Large WAN 80
Internet Access (WAN) Links 81
Digital Subscriber Line 82
Cable Internet 84
Exam Preparation Tasks 86
Chapter 4 Fundamentals of IPv4 Addressing and Routing 89
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 89
Foundation Topics 92
Overview of Network Layer Functions 92
Network Layer Routing (Forwarding) Logic 92
Host Forwarding Logic: Send the Packet to the Default Router 93
R1 and R2’s Logic: Routing Data Across the Network 94
R3’s Logic: Delivering Data to the End Destination 94
How Network Layer Routing Uses LANs and WANs 94
IP Addressing and How Addressing Helps IP Routing 95
Routing Protocols 97
IPv4 Addressing 97
Rules for IP Addresses 98
Rules for Grouping IP Addresses 98
Class A, B, and C IP Networks 99
The Actual Class A, B, and C IP Networks 101
IP Subnetting 103
IPv4 Routing 105
IPv4 Host Routing 105
Router Forwarding Decisions and the IP Routing Table 106
A Summary of Router Forwarding Logic 106
A Detailed Routing Example 107
IPv4 Routing Protocols 109
Other Network Layer Features 111
Using Names and the Domain Name System 111
The Address Resolution Protocol 112
ICMP Echo and the ping Command 113
Exam Preparation Tasks 115
Chapter 5 Fundamentals of TCP/IP Transport and Applications 117
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 117
Foundation Topics 120
TCP/IP Layer 4 Protocols: TCP and UDP 120
Transmission Control Protocol 121
Multiplexing Using TCP Port Numbers 122
Popular TCP/IP Applications 125
Connection Establishment and Termination 126
User Datagram Protocol 127
TCP/IP Applications 128
QoS Needs and the Impact of TCP/IP Applications 128
Defining Interactive and Batch Applications 129
Real-Time Voice and Video Applications 129
The World Wide Web, HTTP, and SSL 130
Uniform Resource Locators 131
Finding the Web Server Using DNS 131
Transferring Files with HTTP 133
Exam Preparation Tasks 135
Part I Review 136
Part II: Ethernet LANs and Switches 140
Chapter 6 Building Ethernet LANs with Switches 143
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 143
Foundation Topics 146
LAN Switching Concepts 146
Historical Progression: Hubs, Bridges, and Switches 146
Switching Logic 148
The Forward-Versus-Filter Decision 149
How Switches Learn MAC Addresses 150
Flooding Frames 151
Avoiding Loops Using Spanning Tree Protocol 152
Internal Processing on Cisco Switches 153
LAN Switching Summary 154
Design Choices in Ethernet LANs 155
Collision Domains, Broadcast Domains, and VLANs 155
Collision Domains 155
Broadcast Domains 156
The Impact of Collision and Broadcast Domains on LAN Design 157
Virtual LANs (VLAN) 158
Choosing Ethernet Technology for a Campus LAN 159
Campus Design Terminology 160
Ethernet LAN Media and Cable Lengths 161
Autonegotiation 162
Autonegotiation Results When Only One Node Uses Autonegotiation 164
Autonegotiation and LAN Hubs 165
Exam Preparation Tasks 166
Chapter 7 Installing and Operating Cisco LAN Switches 169
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 169
Foundation Topics 172
Accessing the Cisco Catalyst 2960 Switch CLI 172
Cisco Catalyst Switches and the 2960 Switch 172
Switch Status from LEDs 173
Accessing the Cisco IOS CLI 176
Cabling the Console Connection 176
Configuring the Terminal Emulator for the Console 177
Accessing the CLI with Telnet and SSH 179
Password Security for CLI Access 179
User and Enable (Privileged) Modes 180
CLI Help Features 182
The debugand showCommands 184
Configuring Cisco IOS Software 185
Configuration Submodes and Contexts 185
Storing Switch Configuration Files 187
Copying and Erasing Configuration Files 190
Initial Configuration (Setup Mode) 191
IOS Version and Other Reload Facts 192
Exam Preparation Tasks 195
Review All the Key Topics 195
Chapter 8 Configuring Ethernet Switching 199
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 199
Foundation Topics 202
Configuration of Features in Common with Routers 202
Securing the Switch CLI 202
Securing Access with Simple Passwords 203
Securing Access with Local Usernames and Passwords 206
Securing Access with External Authentication Servers 207
Configuring Secure Shell (SSH) 207
Encrypting and Hiding Passwords 210
Encrypting Passwords with the service password Command 210
Hiding the Enable Password 212
Hiding the Passwords for Local Usernames 214
Console and vty Settings 214
Banners 214
History Buffer Commands 216
The logging synchronous and exec-timeout Commands 216
LAN Switch Configuration and Operation 217
Enabling IP for Remote Access 217
Configuring IPv4 on a Switch 219
Verifying IPv4 on a Switch 220
Configuring Switch Interfaces 221
Port Security 223
Configuring Port Security 224
Verifying Port Security 226
Port Security Actions 227
Securing Unused Switch Interfaces 228
Exam Preparation Tasks 229
Chapter 9 Implementing Ethernet Virtual LANs 235
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 235
Foundation Topics 238
Virtual LAN Concepts 238
Creating Multiswitch VLANs Using Trunking 239
VLAN Tagging Concepts 240
The 802.1Q and ISL VLAN Trunking Protocols 241
Forwarding Data Between VLANs 242
Routing Packets Between VLANs with a Router 243
Routing Packets with a Layer 3 Switch 245
VLAN and VLAN Trunking Configuration and Verification 246
Creating VLANs and Assigning Access VLANs to an Interface 246
VLAN Configuration Example 1: Full VLAN Configuration 247
VLAN Configuration Example 2: Shorter VLAN Configuration 250
VLAN Trunking Protocol (VTP) 251
VLAN Trunking Configuration 252
Controlling Which VLANs Can Be Supported on a Trunk 257
Exam Preparation Tasks 260
Chapter 10 Troubleshooting Ethernet LANs 265
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 265
Foundation Topics 269
Perspectives on Network Verification and Troubleshooting 269
Preparing to Use an Organized Troubleshooting Process 269
Troubleshooting as Covered in This Book 272
Analyzing LAN Topology Using Cisco Discovery Protocol 272
Examining Information Learned by CDP 273
Examining the Status of the CDP Protocols 276
Analyzing Switch Interface Status 277
Interface Status Codes and Reasons for Nonworking States 277
Interface Speed and Duplex Issues 279
Common Layer 1 Problems on Working Interfaces 282
Predicting Where Switches Will Forward Frames 284
Predicting the Contents of the MAC Address Table 284
Analyzing the Forwarding Path 286
Port Security and Filtering 287
Analyzing VLANs and VLAN Trunks 288
Ensuring That the Right Access Interfaces Are in the Right VLANs 288
Access VLANs Not Being Defined 289
Access VLANs Being Disabled 290
Check the Allowed VLAN List on Both Ends of a Trunk 291
Mismatched Trunking Operational States 292
Exam Preparation Tasks 294
Part II Review 298
Part III: IP Version 4 Addressing and Subnetting 302
Chapter 11 Perspectives on IPv4 Subnetting 305
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 305
Foundation Topics 308
Introduction to Subnetting 308
Subnetting Defined Through a Simple Example 308
Operational View Versus Design View of Subnetting 309
Analyze Subnetting and Addressing Needs 310
Rules About Which Hosts Are in Which Subnet 310
Determining the Number of Subnets 311
Determining the Number of Hosts per Subnet 313
One Size Subnet Fits All–Or Not 314
Defining the Size of a Subnet 314
One Size Subnet Fits All 315
Multiple Subnet Sizes (Variable-Length Subnet Masks) 316
This Book: One Size Subnet Fits All (Mostly) 316
Make Design Choices 317
Choose a Classful Network 317
Public IP Networks 317
Growth Exhausts the Public IP Address Space 318
Private IP Networks 319
Choosing an IP Network During the Design Phase 320
Choose the Mask 320
Classful IP Networks Before Subnetting 321
Borrowing Host Bits to Create Subnet Bits 321
Choosing Enough Subnet and Host Bits 322
Example Design: 172.16.0.0, 200 Subnets, 200 Hosts 323
Masks and Mask Formats 324
Build a List of All Subnets 325
Plan the Implementation 326
Assigning Subnets to Different Locations 327
Choose Static and Dynamic Ranges per Subnet 328
Exam Preparation Tasks 329
Chapter 12 Analyzing Classful IPv4 Networks 331
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 331
Foundation Topics 334
Classful Network Concepts 334
IPv4 Network Classes and Related Facts 334
Actual Class A, B, and C Networks 335
Address Formats 336
Default Masks 337
Number of Hosts per Network 337
Deriving the Network ID and Related Numbers 338
Unusual Network IDs and Network Broadcast Addresses 340
Practice with Classful Networks 341
Practice Deriving Key Facts Based on an IP Address 341
Practice Remembering the Details of Address Classes 342
Additional Practice 343
Exam Preparation Tasks 344
Answers to Earlier Practice Problems 345
Chapter 13 Analyzing Subnet Masks 349
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 349
Foundation Topics 352
Subnet Mask Conversion 352
Three Mask Formats 352
Converting Between Binary and Prefix Masks 353
Converting Between Binary and DDN Masks 354
Converting Between Prefix and DDN Masks 356
Practice Converting Subnet Masks 357
Identifying Subnet Design Choices Using Masks 358
Masks Divide the Subnet’s Addresses into Two Parts 359
Masks and Class Divide Addresses into Three Parts 360
Classless and Classful Addressing 361
Calculations Based on the IPv4 Address Format 361
Practice Analyzing Subnet Masks 363
Exam Preparation Tasks 365
Answers to Earlier Practice Problems 366
Chapter 14 Analyzing Existing Subnets 369
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 369
Foundation Topics 372
Defining a Subnet 372
An Example with Network 172.16.0.0 and Four Subnets 372
Subnet ID Concepts 374
Subnet Broadcast Address 375
Range of Usable Addresses 375
Analyzing Existing Subnets: Binary 376
Finding the Subnet ID: Binary 376
Finding the Subnet Broadcast Address: Binary 378
Binary Practice Problems 379
Shortcut for the Binary Process 380
Brief Note About Boolean Math 382
Finding the Range of Addresses 382
Analyzing Existing Subnets: Decimal 382
Analysis with Easy Masks 383
Predictability in the Interesting Octet 384
Finding the Subnet ID: Difficult Masks 385
Resident Subnet Example 1 386
Resident Subnet Example 2 387
Resident Subnet Practice Problems 387
Finding the Subnet Broadcast Address: Difficult Masks 388
Subnet Broadcast Example 1 388
Subnet Broadcast Example 2 389
Subnet Broadcast Address Practice Problems 390
Practice Analyzing Existing Subnets 390
A Choice: Memorize or Calculate 390
Additional Practice 391
Exam Preparation Tasks 392
Answers to Earlier Practice Problems 393
Part III Review 396
Part IV: Implementing IP Version 4 400
Chapter 15 Operating Cisco Routers 403
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 403
Foundation Topics 406
Installing Cisco Routers 406
Installing Enterprise Routers 406
Cisco Integrated Services Routers 408
Physical Installation 409
Installing Internet Access Routers 409
A SOHO Installation with a Separate Switch, Router, and Cable Modem 409
A SOHO Installation with an Integrated Switch, Router, and DSL Modem 411
Enabling IPv4 Support on Cisco Routers 411
Comparisons Between the Switch CLI and Router CLI 412
Router Interfaces 413
Interface Status Codes 414
Router Interface IP Addresses 415
Bandwidth and Clock Rate on Serial Interfaces 417
Router Auxiliary (Aux) Port 419
Operational Status with the show version Command 419
Exam Preparation Tasks 421
Chapter 16 Configuring IPv4 Addresses and Routes 425
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 425
Foundation Topics 428
IP Routing 428
IPv4 Routing Process Reference 428
An Example of IP Routing 431
Host Forwards the IP Packet to the Default Router (Gateway) 432
Routing Step 1: Decide Whether to Process the Incoming Frame 432
Routing Step 2: Deencapsulation of the IP Packet 433
Routing Step 3: Choosing Where to Forward the Packet 433
Routing Step 4: Encapsulating the Packet in a New Frame 434
Routing Step 5: Transmitting the Frame 435
Internal Processing on Cisco Routers 436
Potential Routing Performance Issues 436
Cisco Router Fast Switching and CEF 436
Configuring Connected Routes 437
Connected Routes and the ip address Command 438
Routing Between Subnets on VLANs 439
Configuring Routing to VLANs using 802.1Q on Routers 440
Configuring Routing to VLANs Using a Layer 3 Switch 444
Secondary IP Addressing 446
Supporting Connected Routes to Subnet Zero 448
Configuring Static Routes 449
Static Route Configuration 449
Static Default Routes 451
Exam Preparation Tasks 454
Chapter 17 Learning IPv4 Routes with OSPFv2 459
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 459
Foundation Topics 462
Comparing Dynamic Routing Protocol Features 462
Routing Protocol Functions 462
Interior and Exterior Routing Protocols 464
Comparing IGPs 465
IGP Routing Protocol Algorithms 465
Metrics 466
Other IGP Comparisons 467
Administrative Distance 468
Understanding the OSPF Link-State Routing Protocol 469
Building the LSDB and Creating IP Routes 470
Topology Information and LSAs 470
Applying Dijkstra SPF Math to Find the Best Routes 471
Using OSPF Neighbor Relationships 472
The Basics of OSPF Neighbors 472
Meeting Neighbors and Learning Their Router ID 472
Scaling OSPF Through Hierarchical Design 474
OSPF Configuration 476
OSPF Single-Area Configuration 477
Matching with the OSPF network Command 478
Verifying OSPF 480
Configuring the OSPF Router ID 483
Miscellaneous OSPF Configuration Settings 484
OSPF Passive Interfaces 484
OSPF Default Routes 486
Exam Preparation Tasks 488
Chapter 18 Configuring and Verifying Host Connectivity 493
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 493
Foundation Topics 496
Configuring Routers to Support DHCP 496
DHCP Protocol Messages and Addresses 496
Supporting DHCP for Remote Subnets with DHCP Relay 498
Information Stored at the DHCP Server 500
DHCP Server Configuration and Verification on Routers 501
IOS DHCP Server Configuration 501
IOS DHCP Server Verification 503
Detecting Conflicts with Offered Versus Used Addresses 504
Verifying Host IPv4 Settings 505
IP Address and Mask Configuration 505
Name Resolution with DNS 507
Default Routers 508
Testing Connectivity with ping, traceroute, and telnet 511
The ping Command 511
Testing IP Routes with ping on a Router 512
Controlling the Source IP Address with Extended ping 513
The traceroute Command 515
How the traceroute Command Works 516
traceroute and Similar Commands 518
Telnet and Suspend 519
Exam Preparation Tasks 523
Part IV Review 526
Part V: Advanced IPv4 Addressing Concepts 530
Chapter 19 Subnet Design 533
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 533
Foundation Topics 536
Choosing the Mask(s) to Meet Requirements 536
Review: Choosing the Minimum Number of Subnet and Host Bits 536
No Masks Meet Requirements 537
One Mask Meets Requirements 538
Multiple Masks Meet Requirements 539
Finding All the Masks: Concepts 539
Finding All the Masks: Math 541
Choosing the Best Mask 541
The Formal Process 542
Practice Choosing Subnet Masks 542
Practice Problems for Choosing a Subnet Mask 543
Additional Practice for Choosing the Subnet Mask 543
Finding All Subnet IDs 543
First Subnet ID: The Zero Subnet 544
Finding the Pattern Using the Magic Number 544
A Formal Process with Less Than 8 Subnet Bits 545
Example 1: Network 172.16.0.0, Mask 255.255.240.0 547
Example 2: Network 192.168.1.0, Mask 255.255.255.224 548
Finding All Subnets with Exactly 8 Subnet Bits 550
Finding All Subnets with More Than 8 Subnet Bits 550
Process with 9—16 Subnet Bits 550
Process with 17 or More Subnet Bits 552
Practice Finding All Subnet IDs 553
Practice Problems for Finding All Subnet IDs 554
Additional Practice for Finding All Subnet IDs 554
Exam Preparation Tasks 555
Answers to Earlier Practice Problems 556
Chapter 20 Variable-Length Subnet Masks 561
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 561
Foundation Topics 563
VLSM Concepts and Configuration 563
Classless and Classful Routing Protocols 564
VLSM Configuration and Verification 564
Finding VLSM Overlaps 566
An Example of Finding a VLSM Overlap 566
Practice Finding VLSM Overlaps 568
Adding a New Subnet to an Existing VLSM Design 569
An Example of Adding a New VLSM Subnet 569
Practice Adding New VLSM Subnets 571
Exam Preparation Tasks 572
Answers to Earlier Practice Problems 573
Chapter 21 Route Summarization 577
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 577
Foundation Topics 579
Manual Route Summarization Concepts 579
Route Summarization Basics 579
Route Summarization and the IPv4 Subnetting Plan 580
Verifying Manually Summarized Routes 581
Choosing the Best Summary Routes 582
The Process to Find the Best Summary Route 583
Sample “Best” Summary on Router R3 584
Sample “Best” Summary on Router R2 585
Practice Choosing the Best Summary Routes 586
Exam Preparation Tasks 587
Answers to Earlier Practice Problems 588
Part V Review 592
Part VI: IPv4 Services 596
Chapter 22 Basic IPv4 Access Control Lists 599
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 599
Foundation Topics 602
IPv4 Access Control List Basics 602
ACL Location and Direction 602
Matching Packets 603
Taking Action When a Match Occurs 604
Types of IP ACLs 604
Standard Numbered IPv4 ACLs 605
List Logic with IP ACLs 605
Matching Logic and Command Syntax 607
Matching the Exact IP Address 607
Matching a Subset of the Address with Wildcards 607
Binary Wildcard Masks 609
Finding the Right Wildcard Mask to Match a Subnet 610
Matching Any/All Addresses 610
Implementing Standard IP ACLs 610
Standard Numbered ACL Example 1 611
Standard Numbered ACL Example 2 613
Troubleshooting and Verification Tips 614
Practice Applying Standard IP ACLs 616
Practice Building access-list Commands 616
Reverse Engineering from ACL to Address Range 617
Exam Preparation Tasks 619
Answers to Earlier Practice Problems 621
Chapter 23 Advanced IPv4 ACLs and Device Security 623
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 623
Foundation Topics 626
Extended Numbered IP Access Control Lists 626
Matching the Protocol, Source IP, and Destination IP 626
Matching TCP and UDP Port Numbers 628
Extended IP ACL Configuration 631
Extended IP Access Lists: Example 1 631
Extended IP Access Lists: Example 2 633
Practice Building access-list Commands 634
Named ACLs and ACL Editing 635
Named IP Access Lists 635
Editing ACLs Using Sequence Numbers 637
Numbered ACL Configuration Versus Named ACL Configuration 640
Router and Switch Security 641
Review: Password Protections for the CLI 641
Disable Services 642
Controlling Telnet and SSH Access with ACLs 643
ACL Implementation Considerations 644
Network Time Protocol 645
Exam Preparation Tasks 648
Answers to Earlier Practice Problems 651
Chapter 24 Network Address Translation 653
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 653
Foundation Topics 656
Perspectives on IPv4 Address Scalability 656
CIDR 656
Route Aggregation for Shorter Routing Tables 657
IPv4 Address Conservation 658
Private Addressing 658
Network Address Translation Concepts 659
Static NAT 659
Dynamic NAT 662
Overloading NAT with Port Address Translation (PAT) 663
NAT Overload (PAT) on Consumer Routers 665
NAT Configuration and Troubleshooting 666
Static NAT Configuration 666
Dynamic NAT Configuration 668
Dynamic NAT Verification 670
NAT Overload (PAT) Configuration 673
NAT Troubleshooting 676
Exam Preparation Tasks 678
Part VI Review 680
Part VII: IP Version 6 684
Chapter 25 Fundamentals of IP Version 6 687
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 687
Foundation Topics 690
Introduction to IPv6 690
The Historical Reasons for IPv6 690
The IPv6 Protocols 692
IPv6 Routing 693
IPv6 Routing Protocols 695
IPv6 Addressing Formats and Conventions 696
Representing Full (Unabbreviated) IPv6 Addresses 697
Abbreviating and Expanding IPv6 Addresses 697
Abbreviating IPv6 Addresses 698
Expanding Abbreviated IPv6 Addresses 699
Representing the Prefix Length of an Address 700
Calculating the IPv6 Prefix (Subnet ID) 700
Finding the IPv6 Prefix 700
Working with More Difficult IPv6 Prefix Lengths 702
Exam Preparation Tasks 704
Answers to Earlier Practice Problems 705
Chapter 26 IPv6 Addressing and Subnetting 709
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 709
Foundation Topics 712
Global Unicast Addressing Concepts 712
A Brief Review of Public and Private IPv4 Addresses 712
Review of Public IPv4 Addressing Concepts 712
Review of Private IPv4 Addressing Concepts 714
Public and Private IPv6 Addresses 715
The IPv6 Global Routing Prefix 716
Address Ranges for Global Unicast Addresses 718
IPv6 Subnetting Using Global Unicast Addresses 718
Deciding Where IPv6 Subnets Are Needed 719
The Mechanics of Subnetting IPv6 Global Unicast Addresses 719
Listing the IPv6 Subnet Identifier 722
List All IPv6 Subnets 722
Assign Subnets to the Internetwork Topology 723
Assigning Addresses to Hosts in a Subnet 723
Unique Local Unicast Addresses 724
Subnetting with Unique Local IPv6 Addresses 725
The Need for Globally Unique Local Addresses 726
Exam Preparation Tasks 728
Chapter 27 Implementing IPv6 Addressing on Routers 731
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 731
Foundation Topics 734
Implementing Unicast IPv6 Addresses on Routers 734
Static Unicast Address Configuration 735
Configuring the Full 128-Bit Address 735
Enabling IPv6 Routing 736
Verifying the IPv6 Address Configuration 737
Generating a Unique Interface ID Using EUI-64 739
Dynamic Unicast Address Configuration 742
Special Addresses Used by Routers 743
Link-Local Addresses 744
Link-Local Address Concepts 744
Creating Link-Local Addresses on Routers 745
IPv6 Multicast Addresses 746
Broadcasts Versus Multicasts 746
Common Local Scope Multicast Addresses 747
Solicited-Node Multicast Addresses 748
Miscellaneous IPv6 Addresses 749
Exam Preparation Tasks 751
Answers to Earlier Practice Problems 753
Chapter 28 Implementing IPv6 Addressing on Hosts 755
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 755
Foundation Topics 758
The Neighbor Discovery Protocol 758
Discovering Routers with NDP RS and RA 759
Discovering Addressing Info for SLAAC with NDP RS and RA 760
Discovering Neighbor Link Addresses with NDP NS and NA 760
Discovering Duplicate Addresses Using NDP NS and NA 762
NDP Summary 763
Dynamic Configuration of Host IPv6 Settings 763
Dynamic Configuration Using Stateful DHCP and NDP 763
Differences Between DHCPv6 and DHCPv4 764
DHCPv6 Relay Agents 765
Using Stateless Address Autoconfiguration 767
Building an IPv6 Address Using SLAAC 767
Combining SLAAC with NDP and Stateless DHCP 768
Verification of Host IPv6 Connectivity 769
Verifying Host IPv6 Connectivity from Hosts 769
Verifying Host Connectivity from Nearby Routers 772
Exam Preparation Tasks 776
Chapter 29 Implementing IPv6 Routing 779
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz 779
Foundation Topics 782
Connected and Local IPv6 Routes 782
Rules for Connected and Local Routes 782
Example of Connected IPv6 Routes 783
Examples of Local IPv6 Routes 785
Static IPv6 Routes 785
Static Routes Using the Outgoing Interface 786
Static Routes Using Next-Hop IPv6 Address 787
Example Static Route with a Global Unicast Next-Hop Address 788
Example Static Route with a Link-Local Next-Hop Address 788
Static Default Routes 790
Dynamic Routes with OSPFv3 791
Comparing OSPF for IPv4 and IPv6 791
OSPF Routing Protocol Versions and Protocols 791
Comparing OSPFv2 and OSPFv3 793
Configuring Single-Area OSPFv3 794
OSPFv3 Single-Area Configuration Example 796
OSPFv3 Passive Interfaces 798
Verifying OSPFv3 Status and Routes 798
Verifying OSPFv3 Configuration Settings 799
Verifying OSPFv3 Neighbors 801
Examining the OSPFv3 Database 803
Examining IPv6 Routes Learned by OSPFv3 803
Exam Preparation Tasks 805
Part VII Review 808
Part VIII: Final Review 812
Chapter 30 Final Review 815
Advice About the Exam Event 815
Learn the Question Types Using the Cisco Certification Exam Tutorial 815
Think About Your Time Budget Versus Numbers of Questions 816
A Suggested Time-Check Method 817
Miscellaneous Pre-Exam Suggestions 818
Exam-Day Advice 818
Exam Review 819
Practice Subnetting and Other Math-Related Skills 819
Take Practice Exams 821
Practicing Taking the ICND1 Exam 822
Practicing Taking the CCNA Exam 823
Advice on How to Answer Exam Questions 824
Taking Other Practice Exams 825
Find Knowledge Gaps Through Question Review 826
Practice Hands-On CLI Skills 829
Review Mind Maps from Part Review 829
Do Labs 829
Other Study Tasks 830
Final Thoughts 831
Part IX: Appendixes 832
Appendix A Numeric Reference Tables 835
Appendix B ICND1 Exam Upd ates 841
Glossary 843
DVD-only Appendixes
Appendix C: Answers to the “Do I Know This Already?” Quizzes
Appendix D: Practice for Chapter 12: Analyzing Classful IPv4 Networks
Appendix E: Practice for Chapter 13: Analyzing Subnet Masks
Appendix F: Practice for Chapter 14: Analyzing Existing Subnets
Appendix G: Practice for Chapter 19: Subnet Design
Appendix H: Practice for Chapter 20: Variable-Length Subnet Masks
Appendix I: Practice for Chapter 21: Route Summarization
Appendix J: Practice for Chapter 22: Basic IPv4 Access Control Lists
Appendix K: Practice for Chapter 25: Fundamentals of IP Version 6
Appendix L: Practice for Chapter 27: Implementing IPv6 Addressing on Routers
Appendix M: Memory Tables
Appendix N: Memory Tables Answer Key
Appendix O: Mind Map Solutions
Appendix P: Study Planner
9781587143854 TOC 3/21/2013
Wendell Odom, CCIE No. 1624, has been in the networking industry since 1981. He has worked as a network engineer, consultant, systems engineer, instructor, and course developer; he currently works writing and creating certification tools. He is author of all the previous books in the Cisco Press CCNA Official Certification Guide series, as well as the CCNP ROUTE 642-902 Official Certification Guide, the QoS 642-642 Exam Certification Guide, coauthor of the CCIE Routing and Switch Official Certification Guide, and several other titles. He is also a consultant for the CCNA 640-802 Network Simulator from Pearson and for a forthcoming replacement version of that product. He maintains study tools, links to his blogs, and other resources at www.certskills.com.
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