Table of Contents

FOREWORD8 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS9 LIST OF FIGURES10 LIST OF PLATES PAGES17 GLOSSARY20 INTRODUCTION24 What is Wayland's Work?25 Background to the Study of Germanic Art26 1. SOURCES OF EVIDENCE28 Literature28 Pictorial Representation30 Archaeology31 Comparative Evidence33 Evaluation and Comparison35 SECTION 1 BARBARIC STYLE36 2. STYLES, FUNCTIONS, USES36 What is StyleA"?37 Principles of Decoration39 Animal Styles41 An Anglo-Saxon Style?41 Pattern and Purpose42 Allocation of Designs to Styles43 Style Names43 Stylistic Progression44 The Problem of Seriation45 Visual Ambiguity, Riddles and Puns49 Style as a Marker of Identity51 3. INSULAR GERMANIC IDENTITY53 Conflicting Identities54 Angles, Saxons and Jutes57 Settlers, Tribes and Chiefdoms60 The South-East60 The Thames Valley61 The Midlands and East Coast62 The North-East63 Bede's 'Ecclesiastical History'63 From Servants to Settlers64 Kingdoms in Formation66 Caveats66 Settlement in Retrospect66 Religion and Cult67 SECTION II STYLE AND EVOLUTION68 4. EARLY ANGLO-SAXON ART - HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT68 Competing Chronologies68 The Arnegund Conundrum70 The Heirloom Factor71 The Germanic Background72 Later Roman Art74 Belt-Furniture and Identity75 Late Roman Cults76 La Tene Style77 Illerup Style (Roman Iron Age)78 South Jutland in the Roman Iron Age78 Bog Deposits and Material Culture79 Late Roman Military Style80 Design and Layout80 Progression81 The Saxon Shore82 Sosdala Style84 Design & Layout84 Social Implications84 Scabbard Style87 Nydam Style87 Design & Layout87 Social Implications88 Sjorup Style88 Kragehul Style88 Polychrome Style88 Saxon Relief Style89 Quoit Brooch Style90 Design and Layout90 Progression95 fig. 4.12 Animal head details97 Social Implications100 Salin's Style I101 Design and Layout101 Progression104 Social Implications104 Anglo-Saxon Style I106 Bichrome Style107 Intermediate Style108 Salin's Style II108 Design and Layout108 Progression109 The Trossingen Lyre114 Social Implications116 Anglo-Saxon Style II116 Salin's Style III122 Naturalistic Art122 SECTION III CRAFTY SMITHS123 5. THE WORKMAN AND HIS TOOLS123 Metalworking Vocabulary123 The Smith's Work and Status124 Wayland, Smith of the Gods125 Other Smiths127 Classes of Smith129 Workshops130 Moneyers133 Social Status134 Skills and Techniques134 Tools of the Smith135 The Tattershall Thorpe Tool-set137 6. MATERIALS & TECHNIQUES139 Brazing & Soldering140 Carving140 Chip Carving140 Casting140 Cloisonne141 Embossing144 Engraving & Chasing145 Enamelling145 Fabrication147 Filigree & Granulation147 Gilding148 Inlay148 Tauschierarbeit149 Notching150 Punching and Stamping150 Reeding152 Repousse152 Rivetting153 Silvering153 7. PRODUCTION AND MARKETS154 Post-Roman Distribution Systems154 Distribution and Typology156 Merchants & Traders156 Hwat sagst A u mancgere?157 Distribution Networks158 Strand Markets159 Wic Markets160 SECTION IV WONDEROUS WORKS221 8. METAL ARTEFACTS221 Brooches221 Animal Brooches222 Bird Brooches222 Annular Brooches223 Quoit Brooches224 Penannular Brooches226 Bow Brooches226 Cruciform (Bow) Brooches226 Equal-Arm Brooches230 Disc-on-Bow Brooches232 Radiate-Headed Bow Brooches233 Small-Long Brooches234 Square-headed Bow Brooches235 Great Square-Headed Brooches235 Cross Brooches239 Disc Brooches239 Disc Brooches (Cast)239 Button Brooches240 Composite Disc Brooches (Keystone Brooches)242 Composite, Applied Disc Brooches243 Disc Brooches (Openwork)245 Saucer Brooches246 S-Brooches250 Supporting Arm Brooches251 Tutulus Brooches251 Other Types251 Buckles & Belt Fittings251 Belt Buckle Typology252 Other Belt Fittings254 Studs254 Plates255 Strap-ends256 Baldrics257 Other Buckles257 The Great Buckles258 Sutton Hoo258 Taplow258 The Mucking Belt Set259 Clasps260 High-Status Clasps260 Taplow260 Sutton Hoo260 Purse Lid262 Wrist Clasps263 Weapons & Fittings264 Spears and Angons264 Swords, Fittings & Scabbards266 Sword Rings and Beads267 Sword Pyramids268 Scabbard Fittings268 Seaxes and Knives269 Shield Fittings270 Pressbleche (repousse plates)271 Other Items274 Bowls and Vessels274 Hanging Bowls274 Coptic Bowls275 Drinking Vessels275 Drinking Horns275 Pendants276 Bracteates276 Background276 Runic Texts280 Origins and Uses280 Typology281 The Undley Bracteate282 Manufacture283 Gold Foils (Guldgubber)284 Pendants286 Animal Pendants286 Weapon Pendants289 Disc Pendants289 Coin pendants290 Figurine Pendants290 Other Pendants290 Other Items291 Beads291 Belt Rings291 Bracelets & Arm-Rings291 Chatelaines, Latchlifters & Girdle-Hangers292 Coins293 Combs293 Ear-rings293 Finger rings293 Harness and Bridle Mounts294 Neck-rings294 Padlocks295 Pins295 Purse Mounts and Firesteels296 Pyxides296 Spoons296 Spurs296 Tags296 Thread297 Toilet Sets297 Tools297 Weaving Equipment297 9. NON-METALLIC ARTEFACTS298 Amber298 Beads298 Antler298 Antler Combs299 Bone301 Gaming Pieces302 Ceramics303 Production303 Typology303 Decoration of Cremation Urns305 Gemstones306 Garnet306 Amethyst307 Rock Crystal307 Glassware308 Beads308 Millefiori308 Vessels308 Other items309 Horn310 Ivory310 Purse-Rings311 Leatherware311 Stone312 Whetstones313 The Sutton Hoo Whetstone313 Spindlewhorls316 Textiles316 Woodenware317 Wooden Components of Weapons318 Wooden Vessels319 SECTION V READING THE RECORD320 10. MEANING IN ANGLO-SAXON ART320 Symbolic Display320 Explorations of Germanic Ornament320 Symbolic Display323 Pre-Christian Religion324 A Hierarchy of Display325 Ethnic Identities326 A New Order330 11. MYTHOLOGY AND POWER IN THE POST-ROMAN WORLD332 Germanic Political and334 Religious Ideology334 The Woden Cult334 Ritual Drama337 Art as Propaganda339 Cult Centres and Processions340 Royal Power in344 Anglo-Saxon England344 12. INTERPRETATION OF DESIGN346 Magic and Ritual346 Seidr and the Spirit Journey347 The Negative Aspects of Sorcery348 Binding and Loosing349 Amuletic Properties350 Amuletic Shield Designs351 Amuletic Text356 Numerical Principles356 Two356 Three and Nine357 Four357 Twelve358 The Franks Casket358 Beasts and Zoomorphs358 13. COMPOSITIONAL ELEMENTS360 Geometric Elements360 Cross360 Saltire361 Saltire Between Uprights361 Hooked Cross (Swastika)361 Disc, Ring or Pellet363 Eye363 Ring-And-Dot364 Rosette364 Semicircle364 Disc Brooch Geometric Motifs365 Plaited Designs365 Guilloche & Ring Chain365 Interlace371 Knotwork372 Four-Way Knot372 Linear (Banding and Hatching) Motifs373 Pelta373 Scroll and Spiral375 Stamped Decoration - Metalwork375 Stamped Decoration - Pottery376 Step380 Triangle380 Arrowhead380 Triskele380 Three-Way Knot (Valknut)382 Zigzag383 Zoomorphic Elements383 Zoomorphic Elements and Modes of Display385 Traditions of Depiction386 Zoomorphs388 Disc Brooch Zoomorphic Motifs388 Bear389 Bird391 Birds of Prey393 Other Bird Images395 Boar396 Bull398 Fish and Sea-Creatures400 Fish400 Dolphin402 Hippocampi402 Seal403 Goat403 The Great Beast403 Horse404 Hound407 Ram408 Stag408 Winged Insect411 Wolf411 Wyrm413 Iconic Serpents414 Two-Headed Snakes415 S-shaped, 8-shaped and Plaited Snakes415 The Serpent as Benefactor416 Other Representations417 Ship417 Tree418 Hammer418 Bracteate Iconography419 Anthropomorphic Elements422 Gods, Elves and Men422 The Shape of the Gods423 Orders of Being424 Sexual Imagery425 The Beast-Man (Tiermensch)425 The Beast Man and Style I426 Rites of Passage427 Entheogens and Transformation427 The Bound Man428 The Dancing Man429 The Finglesham Man429 The Dancing Man in Scandinavia430 Song, Dance and Inspiration431 Warrior Iconography432 Dragonslayer433 The Hand and Helmet434 The Horned Man437 Horned Helmets438 A Horned Hill-Figure439 The Man Between Beasts439 The Beast-Tamer443 Masks and Human Faces443 The Nordendorfer Motif445 Symbolic Breath and Symbolic Hair446 Fantastic Heads447 Matrona449 Alaisiagae450 Nehalennia451 Walcyrige451 The Rider and Companions452 The Twinned Gods (Alcis)454 The Paired Warriors455 The Wolf-Warriors456 14. SCRIPTS AND SYMBOLS459 Germanic Futhark Anglo-Saxon Futhorc460 Tamga Symbols461 Runic and Rune-like Markings461 15. DRESS & APPEARANCE466 Symbolic Clothing466 Costume in Antiquity467 Roman Cavalry Fashions468 Anglo-Saxon Costume468 Display Belts468 Female Costume469 Male Costume470 Costume in the Final Phase472 Fabric473 Sex, Gender & Status473 Gender in Archaeology475 Gender Transgression476 Gender-Neutrality478 Status and Grave-Goods478 Gender Iconography479 SECTION VI Conversion and After480 16. THE FINAL PHASEA"480 Features of the Final Phase482 Scandinavia482 Later Styles in England483 Trewhiddle Style483 POSTSCRIPT487 Celtic Art487 Modern CelticA" Art488 APPENDICES490 1. SUMMARY POTTERY STAMP TYPOLOGY490 2. SUMMARY BUCKLE TYPOLOGY491 3. SUMMARY WRIST-CLASP TYPOLOGY495 4. TAXONOMY497 Some Old English Taxonomies497 1. Colour497 2. Plant Life499 3. Animal Life499