Developed for pre-service primary teachers and practising teachers, this book is also a valuable reference for early childhood educators, researchers, numeracy consultants and learning support staff. It aims to support teachers at all levels of mathematics education - from early childhood to tertiary education - to develop their knowledge and understanding of mathematics by encouraging them to reflect on children's learning and their own teaching of mathematics. It focuses on children developing their own mathematical ideas through growth and understanding of mathematical concepts, while challenging children to think mathematically. Each chapter has been updated to incorporate the most recent significant research, changes to curricula and to teaching practices.