Considered the definitive handbook on the terrorist threat to commercial airline and airport security, USAF Lieutenant Colonel Kathleen Sweet's seminal resource is now updated to include an analysis of modern day risks. She covers the history of aviation security and compares current in-flight security practices with those of other countries.Covering Transportation Security Administration changes in security, policy, and training regulation since 9/11, this authoritative reference: discusses a broad range of aviation terrorist incidents; considers aviation security in the present geopolitical climate; addresses cargo and passenger security; determines how security considerations are factored into business processes; details new regulations for the TSA; contains an instructor's manual with test bank; documents the history of aviation security; and, includes extensive background information on various terrorist groups. In addition to cargo and passenger security, the text looks at airport and aviation business practices and how security considerations are factored into business processes. The first edition quickly became required reading for air service operators and airport management training programs. This edition is certain to follow suit.About the Author: Kathleen M. Sweet, Lt. Col., Ret., USAF, JD, is on the adjunct faculty at the University of Maryland, Department of Emergency Management. Lt. Col. Sweet is also a consultant with International Risk Control Limited, London, England, and president and CEO of Risk Management Security Group, a transportation security consulting firm.

Table of Contents

The Aviation Industry: A national security asset News Importance of Air Transportation Airways Development of the Aviation Industry Airlines Facilities Airway Routes Deregulation Consequences of 11 September to the Industry Emergency Funding Protecting Public Air Transportation Conclusion References The Historical Hijacking Threat and Government Response: A Persistent Problem News Hijacking Legal Responses to Expanding Security Measures International Perspectives The Trend Begins Early Federal Aviation Regulations Airport Security Programs New Carrier Rules 1972 New Airport Operator Rules 1972 Resistance Fades How to Implement the New Rules Public Law 93--366 Dissemination of Threat Warnings Recommendations of the President's Commission Aviation Security Improvement Act of 1990 The Federal Aviation Reauthorization Act of 1996 Civil Aviation Security Aviation Security Research and Development Division Costs White House Commission on Aviation Safety and Security -- The Department of Transportation Status Report Aviation and Transportation Security Act -- P.L. 107--71 Implementing Recommendations of the 9/11 Commission Act of 2007 (H.R. 110-1, P. L. No: 110-53) The National Strategy for Aviation Security The White House, March 26, 2007 Security Guidelines for General Aviation Airports Transportation Security Administration, May 17, 2004 Conclusion References International Solutions and Reactions News Crimes Against Humanity The Tokyo Convention Hijacking Convention: Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft Montreal Convention The Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes Against Internationally Protected Persons Bonn Agreement 1978 International Convention Against the Taking of Hostages Tokyo Summit 1986 Further Efforts Montreal Protocol of 1988 Diplomatic Conference on Air Law 1991 Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material 1980 G-7 Summit 1995 Lyon Summit 1996 Ministerial Conference on Terrorism 1996 Convention for the Suppression of Terrorist Bombings 1997 International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism 1999 United Nations The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)and The European Civil Aviation Conference Post July 2005 British Legislation International Convention for the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism Conclusion References Growth and Change: Aircraft As Missiles News Early Criminal Hijackings Terrorist Hijackings Spread Initial Public Responses Cockpit Doors Passenger Photo IDs Crew Training Profiling CAPPS II Secure Flight No Fly List Sky Marshal Program, Federal Air Marshal Program History of Significant Air Hijackings Since 1972 31 May 1972: Lod Airport 27 June 1976: Entebbe, Uganda 14 June 1985: Trans World Airlines Flight 847 21 December 1988: Pan American Flight 103 11 September 2001 Other hijackings in recent decades Conclusion References Terrorism: The Roots Remain News Introduction Causes of Terrorism Middle East Rival Claims Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) Abu Nidal Hamas Iranian Support of Terrorism Hezbollah Afghanistan: Usama Bin Laden Europe Germany Italy Spain Northern Ireland Japan Aum Shinrikyo Latin America Tupac Amaru (MRTA) Shining Path (Sendero Luminoso) Russia U.S. Domestic Terrorism The Order Nuclear Terrorism A Dirty Bomb Attack on Nuclear Power Plants Diversion of Nuclear Material or Weapons Biological and Chemical Warfare Conclusion References International Major Counter Terrorism Units, Law Enforcement, and Intelligence Agencies -- The best defense News Introduction CounterTerrorist Units Austrian Special CountertTerrorist Intervention Unit Canadian Armed Forces Joint Task Force 2 Great Britain: SAS Germany: GSG-9 Israel: Sarayat Mat'Kal Civil Guard Border Guard Force Ireland: Army Ranger Wing France: Groupment d'intervention de la Gendarmerie Nationale (GIGN) Spain: Grupo Especial de Operaciones (GEO) United States: Special Forces Teams Operation Ice Eagle Local Law Enforcement Training The U.S. Customs Service Customs and Border Protection Bureau Drug Enforcement Agency Federal Bureau of Investigation The US Marshals Department of Homeland Security Transportation Security Administration The Immigration and Naturalization Service, U.S. Citizen and Immigration Service The Border Fence and The Real ID Card Program 9-11 Commission Director of National Intelligence The Intelligence Community Terrorist Screening Center (TSC) United States Postal Inspection Service Interpol Conclusion References Screening -- the last line of defense News Introduction Sterile Concourse Sterile Boarding Areas Departure-Gate Screening Screening Checkpoint Augmentation Law Enforcement Officers at the Gate Flexible Law Enforcement Response Program Airport Categories Public and Private Security Interface Criminal Case Law Examples United States versus James Edward Ware, U. S. District Court, Western District of Oklahoma, August 1970 United States versus Feldman, U.S. District Court, Eastern District of New York, 1 May 1969 United States versus Benrus Eugene Brown, United States District Court, Western District of Texas, October 1969 Lawrence Havelock versus the U.S. Court of Appeals, Tenth Circuit June 1970 United States versus Reid 2003 (Shoe Bomber) United States versus John Walker Lindh Case Law Summary Initial Screening Screening Procedures Screening Baggage Threat Assessment 3-1-1 Rule Screening Computers and Laptops Discovered Contraband Battery Restriction Screening Passengers Cast Scope Rating Hand Held Metal Detectors Body Search Screening Airport and Airline Employees Screening Diplomats Registered Traveler Program No Fly List Federal Behavior Detection Officers Theft Potential TSA Ethics Issues Public Relations Airborne Aircraft Security Federal Flight Deck Officers Training Initial training will be conducted in a one-week session that will typically require volunteers to arrive mid-afternoon on a Sunday and remain through conclusion of training the following Saturday afternoon Conclusion References Private Security Personnel versus Transportation Administration Security Personnel: Increased supervision? News Introduction Criminal Guards: Foxes Guarding the Chickens Ergonomic Solutions Potential Operator Concerns with Specific Screening Technologies Measuring Operator Performance Operator Selection Tougher Than They Thought The OPT OUT Program Conclusion References Metal Detectors, X-Ray Inspection, Explosive Detection, and Trace Detection Devices: Will the Public Tolerate the Intrusion? News Introduction Metal Detectors Selecting a Metal Detector Hand-Held Body Scanners Testing Metal Detectors, Computers, and Personal Medical Devices X-Ray Inspection Units Passive Millimeter-Wave Imaging Active Millimeter-Wave Imaging Selecting an X-ray Unit Sizers Film and Laptops Passenger X-Ray Screening Devices Portable Digital X-Ray Imaging Systems Testing X-ray Equipment Detection Capabilities Prior X-Ray Explosive Detection Devices U.S. Standard New Computer Software Explosive-Detection Systems Three-Dimensional Imaging: Explosive Assessment Computed Tomography Bottled Liquid Scanners Trace Detection Technology Today Explosive Detection Devices for Baggage Enhancing ETD Capability Thermedics EGIS 3000, EGIS II, EGIS III Barringer IONSCAN 400B, Centurion, Sentinel II ION Track ITEMISER 3, Entry Scan Taggants Project Hostile Intent Conclusion References Cargo Security: A Loose End News Introduction Cargo Carrier Responsibility Report to Congress on Air Cargo Security Arming Cargo Pilots Suicides Baggage Tags Passenger Baggage Reconciliation Airport Lockers Container Hardening Blast Containment versus Blast Management Airmail Security Indirect Air Carriers Known Shipper Unknown Shipper GAO Status Report on Cargo Security 2002 Strategic Plan of TSA Enhanced Measures Summary of Airforwarder's Association Objections The Latest Vacuum Chambers Inspection of Hazardous Cargo International Cargo Standards TSA Inspection of Airports Conclusion References Security and the Rules of Law -- A Slippery Slope News Introduction Fourth Amendment Administrative Search Exception Balancing Approach Less Intrusive Alternatives Individual Stop and Frisk Searches Selectee Class Stop and Frisk Search Consent Exception Other Exceptions to Fourth Amendment Requirements Border Searches Exigent Circumstances Reasonableness Probable Cause The Exclusionary Rule The Legal Authority of Private Persons to Search Exceptions to the Exclusionary Rule Inevitable Discovery Good Faith Exception Police Participation NonViolent Threats? Airport Administrative Screening Searches at Airports Passenger's Right to Terminate a Search Alternate Viewpoint The War on Drugs Passenger Rights New Law in the Area of Searches New Technologies and the Law Conclusion References Foreign Airport Security: Comparison of U.S. Law and Foreign Domestic Law -- Lessons Learned News Introduction Ground Security American Assessments Diversion Airports Legal Remedies Legislation after 11 September 2001 AntiTerrorism Legislation in the United Kingdom Post 2005 London Bombings Canada's War with the FLQ Germany Italy Profiling International Views of Profiling SAFEE Bomb Sniffing Dogs Conclusion References Technological Improvements: Some Intrusive, Some Not News Introduction Gore Commission Homeland Security: Science and Technology Directorate Anti Missile Defense Systems Microwave Holographic Imaging Triggered Spark Gap BOSS(t) Flight VU(t) BiosimMER(t) Quadrupole Resonance Devices Intelliscan(t) 12000 Metal Detector Biometric Systems FACE IT(t) Access Controls Imaging Technologies Trace-Detection Technologies Fuel Flammability Remote-Controlled Aircraft Improved Closed-Circuit Television Technology Cockpit Doors Conclusion References Airport Operator Concerns and Other Safety and Security Issues: The Foundations of Security News Introduction Airport Runway Incursions Passenger Interference Air Rage and Passenger Involvement Air Rage and Civil Liability Civil Remedies Conventional Weapons Explosives Nuclear and Biological Weapons Embracing Risk Management Assessing the Threat Law Enforcement Federal Resources Private Intelligence Services Stratfor Strategic Forecasting, Inc Jane's Information Group Economist Intelligence Unit Flight Crew Involvement Conclusion References Access Controls, Perimeter Security: Another Foundation News Introduction Access Control Locks Access Cards Electronic Locks Sensors Biometric Security Systems Retinal Scans Fingerprint Verification Readers Voiceprint Identification Hand Geometry Facial Scan Signs Perimeter Fencing and Lighting Exterior Alarm Sensors Motion Detectors Microwave Charged Coupled Devices Portal Coaxial Cables Electric Field Vibration and Stress Detectors Closed Circuit Television Infrared Motion Detectors Active Infrared Passive Infrared (PIR) Glass-Break Detectors The Control Room Alarms No Power, No Security Media Intrusion Computer Security Kiosks Conclusion Epilogue Changes The More Things Change, The More They Remain the Same. Screeners Are Screeners Arming Pilots The Federal Air Marshal Program Emerging Technology Civil Liberties Summary References Selected Bibliography Index

About the Author

Risk Management Security Group, W. Lafayette, Indian, USA

Reviews

! a comprehensive handbook that covers the full range of aviation security, from facilities to operations. Anyone involved in this industry will want to have it available. --Mayer Nudell, CSC (Certified Security Consultant), writing in Security Management, April 2010