Articulatory and Phonological Impairments, 4/e gives readers comprehensive coverage of a wide range of concepts, coupled with a strong clinical emphasis and a variety of helpful learning aids, making it the ideal guide for understanding critical topics related to articulation and phonology. It takes readers from theory to clinical practice with many concrete examples of the concepts at work and a readable approach that constantly reinforces the concepts.

Table of Contents

Contents Preface Chapter 1 Clinical Framework: Basic Terms and Concepts Communication, Speech, and Language Subdivisions of Language Articulation and Speech Sounds: Phonology and Phonemes Articulation Disorders versus Phonological Disorders Summary Case Study Think Critically Test Yourself Websites Further Readings Chapter 2 Phonetics -- Articulatory Phonetics Phonetics: Definitions and Classification Vowels versus Consonants American English Vowels American English Consonants Sounds in Context: Coarticulation and Assimilation Syllable Structure Summary Case Study Think Critically Test Yourself Websites Further Readings Chapter 3 Phonetic Transcription and Diacritics Phonetic Transcription as a Notational System Why Use Phonetic Transcription? Diacritics Diacritics Used with Consonants Diacritics Used with Vowels Diacritics for Stress, Duration, and Syllable Boundaries Clinical Implications Summary Case Study Think Critically Test Yourself Websites Further Readings Chapter 4 Theoretical Considerations and Practical Applications Phonology What Is Phonology? How Does Phonology Work? How Did the Concept of the Phoneme Develop? Speech Sound versus Phoneme: Clinical Application Distinctive Feature Theories What Are Distinctive Features? How Do Distinctive Features Work? How Did Distinctive Feature Theories Develop? Distinctive Feature Theories: Clinical Application Generative Phonology What Is Generative Phonology? How Does Generative Phonology Work? How Did Generative Phonology Develop? Distinctive Features and Generative Phonology: Clinical Application Natural Phonology What Is Natural Phonology? How Does Natural Phonology Work? Phonological Processes How Did Natural Phonology Develop? Natural Phonology: Clinical Application Linear versus Nonlinear Phonologies What Are Linear and Nonlinear Phonologies? How Do Nonlinear Phonologies Work? How Did Nonlinear Phonology Develop? Nonlinear Phonologies: Clinical Implications Summary Case Study Think Critically Test Yourself Websites Further Readings Appendix 4.1 Chapter 5 Normal Phonological Development Aspects of Structural and Functional Development Aspects of Perceptual Development Prelinguistic Stages: Before the First Words Vocoids Contoids Syllable Shapes Babbling and Its Relationship to Later Language Development Prosodic Feature Development Transition from Babbling to First Words The First Fifty Words Segmental Form Development Prosodic Feature Development The Preschool Child Segmental Form Development: Vowels Segmental Form Development: Consonants Phonological Processes Prosodic Feature Development English as a Second Language: Considerations for Phonological Development in Children The School-Age Child Segmental Form Development Phonological Awareness, Emerging Literacy, and Phonological Disorders Prosodic Feature Development Summary Case Study Think Critically Test Yourself Websites Further Readings Chapter 6 Appraisal: Collection of Data Evaluation by the Clinician Initial Impression Articulation Tests Some Advantages and Disadvantages of Articulation Tests Factors to Consider When Selecting a Measure of Articulation Assessment Procedures to Supplement Articulation Tests Organizing Articulation Test Results: Describing the Error Stimulability Testing Spontaneous Speech Sample Organizing the Continuous Speech Sample Evaluation of the Speech Mechanism What to Look for When Evaluating the Speech Mechanism Selection of Additional Assessment Measures Hearing Screening Language Testing Specific Auditory Perceptual Testing Cognitive Appraisal Special Considerations The Child with Emerging Phonology The Unintelligible Child Summary of the Data Summary Case Study Think Critically Test Yourself Websites Further Readings Appendix 6.1: Speech-Motor Assessment Screening Form Chapter 7 Dialects and English as a Second Language Dialects Regional Dialects Ethnicity African American Vernacular English The Speaker of English as a Second Language Spanish American English Vietnamese American English Cantonese American English Hmong American English Korean American English Arabic American English Implications for Appraisal Summary Case Study Think Critically Test Yourself Websites Further Readings Chapter 8 Diagnosis: Articulation versus Phonological Emphasis Preliminary Analysis: Inventory and Distribution of Speech Sounds Using a Matrix to Examine the Inventory and Distribution of Speech Sounds Phonemic Contrasts: Differentiating Articulation from Phonological Disorders Decision Making: Primarily Articulatory Difficulties Guidelines for Beginning Therapy: Phonetic Disorder Decision Making: Primarily Phonological Difficulties Inventory and Distribution of Speech Sounds Syllable Shapes and Constraints Phonological Contrasts Phonological Error Patterns Measures of Intelligibility and Severity Measures of Intelligibility Measures of Severity Summary Case Study Think Critically Test Yourself Websites Further Readings Appendix 8.1: Single-Word Responses to Goldman-Fristoe Test of Articulation for Child H. H. Appendix 8.2: Preliminary Matrix for Recording Utterances Appendix 8.3: Matrix for Recording Phones According to Pre-, Inter-, and Postvocalic Word Positions for Child H. H. Appendix 8.4: Overall Inventory of Phones for Child H. H. Appendix 8.5: Proportional Occurrence of Consonant Phonemes in First-Grade, Third-Grade, and Fifth-Grade Children's Speech Chapter 9 Therapy for Articulation Errors Decision Making: When to Use a Phonetic Approach Articulation Errors Decision Making: A Phonetic Approach with Phonological Disorders ? Therapy Sequence General Overview of Therapy Progression Individual Sound Errors Misarticulations of [s] and [z] Phonetic Description Linguistic Function Initial Remarks Types of Misarticulation Therapeutic Suggestions Coarticulatory Conditions Misarticulations of [ ] and [ ] Phonetic Description Linguistic Function Initial Remarks Types of Misarticulation Therapeutic Suggestions Coarticulatory Conditions Misarticulations of [k] and [g] Phonetic Description Linguistic Function Initial Remarks Types of Misarticulation Therapeutic Suggestions Coarticulatory Conditions Misarticulations of [l] Phonetic Description Linguistic Function Initial Remarks Types of Misarticulation Therapeutic Suggestions Coarticulatory Conditions Misarticulations of [r] and the Central Vowels with R-Coloring Phonetic Description Linguistic Function Initial Remarks Types of Misarticulation Therapeutic Suggestions Coarticulatory Conditions Misarticulations of [theta] and [eth] Phonetic Description Linguistic Function Types of Misarticulation Therapeutic Suggestions Coarticulatory Conditions Misarticulations of [f] and [v] Phonetic Description Types of Misarticulation Therapeutic Suggestions Coarticulatory Conditions Affricate Problems Phonetic Description Types of Misarticulation Therapeutic Suggestions Coarticulatory Conditions Voicing Problems Therapeutic Suggestions Consonant Cluster Problems Therapeutic Suggestions Coarticulatory Conditions Summary Case Study Think Critically Test Yourself Websites Further Readings Chapter 10 Treatment of Phonemic Errors Treatment Principles Minimal Pair Contrast Therapy Minimal Opposition Contrast Therapy Maximal Oppositions Approach Evolution of Maximal Oppositions: The Complexity Approach Multiple Oppositions Approach Phonological Process Therapy Cycles Training Metaphon Therapy: A Phonological Awareness Approach Phonological Disorders with Concurrent Language Problems: Therapeutic Suggestions Connecting Phonology to Morphosyntax: Morphosyntax Intervention Connecting Phonology to Semantics: Vocabulary Intervention The Child with an Emerging Phonological System: Therapeutic Suggestions Combining Phonology with Semantics: Developing a Lexicon Treatment of Multiple Vowel Errors The Child with a Very Limited Vowel Inventory: Therapeutic Suggestions The Child with a High Proportion of Vowel Substitutions: Therapeutic Suggestions Summary Case Study Think Critically Test Yourself Websites Further Readings Chapter 11 Articulatory/Phonological Disorders in Selected Populations Childhood Apraxia of Speech: A Disorder of Speech Motor Control Definition and General Features Articulatory/Phonological Characteristics Clinical Implications: Diagnostics Clinical Implications: Therapeutics Motor Speech Disorders: Cerebral Palsy Definition and General Features Articulatory/Phonological Characteristics Clinical Implications: Diagnostics Clinical Implications: Therapeutics Clefting: Cleft Palate and Cleft Lip Definition and General Features Articulatory/Phonological Characteristics Clinical Implications: Diagnostics Clinical Implications: Therapeutics Mental Disability Definition and General Features Articulatory/Phonological Characteristics Clinical Implications: Diagnostics Clinical Implications: Therapeutics Hearing Impairment Definition and General Features Articulatory/Phonological Characteristics Clinical Implications: Diagnostics Clinical Implications: Therapeutics Motor Speech Disorders: Acquired Apraxia of Speech Definition and General Features Articulatory/Phonological Characteristics Clinical Implications: Diagnostics Clinical Implications: Therapeutics Motor Speech Disorders: The Dysarthrias Definition and General Features Articulatory/Phonological Characteristics Clinical Implications: Diagnostics Clinical Implications: Therapeutics Summary Case Study Think Critically Test Yourself Websites Further Readings Glossary References Author Index Subject Index

About the Author

Jacqueline Bauman-Waengler, Ph.D., is a Consultant, Speech/Language Specialist currently affiliated with Western Psychological Corporation in Los Angeles, California.